Linked Lists

List Overview

 Linked lists
 Abstract data type (ADT)
 Basic operations of linked lists
 Insert, find, delete, print, etc.
 Variations of linked lists
 Circular linked lists
 Doubly linked lists
 Linked Lists

A B C 

Head
 A linked list is a series of connected nodes
 Each node contains at least
 A piece of data (any type)
 Pointer to the next node in the list
 Head: pointer to the first node
 The last node points to NULL node

data pointer
A Simple Linked List
Class
 We use two classes: Node and List
 Declare Node class for the nodes
 data: double-type data in this example
 next: a pointer to the next node in the list

class Node {
public:
double data; // data
Node* next; // pointer to next
};
A Simple Linked List
Class
 Declare List, which contains
 head: a pointer to the first node in the list.
Since the list is empty initially, head is set to NULL
 Operations on List

class List {
public:
List(void) { head = NULL; } // constructor
~List(void); // destructor

bool IsEmpty() { return head == NULL; }

Node* InsertNode(int index, double x);
int FindNode(double x);
int DeleteNode(double x);
void DisplayList(void);
private:
Node* head;
};
A Simple Linked List
Class
 Operations of List
 IsEmpty: determine whether or not the list is
empty
 InsertNode: insert a new node at a particular
position
 FindNode: find a node with a given value
 DeleteNode: delete a node with a given value
 DisplayList: print all the nodes in the list
 Inserting a new node
 Node* InsertNode(int index, double x)
 Insert a node with data equal to x after the index’th
elements. (i.e., when index = 0, insert the node as the first element;
when index = 1, insert the node after the first element, and so on)
 If the insertion is successful, return the inserted node.
Otherwise, return NULL.
(If index is < 0 or > length of the list, the insertion will fail.)
 Steps index’th
element
1. Locate index’th element
2. Allocate memory for the new node
3. Point the new node to its successor
4. Point the new node’s predecessor to the new node
newNode
Inserting a new node

 Possible cases of InsertNode

1. Insert into an empty list
2. Insert in front
3. Insert at back
4. Insert in middle
 But, in fact, only need to handle two cases
 Insert as the first node (Case 1 and Case 2)
 Insert in the middle or at the end of the list (Case 3 and Case 4)
 Inserting a new node
Node* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) { Try to locate
if (index < 0) return NULL; index’th node. If it
doesn’t exist,
int currIndex = 1;
Node* currNode = head; return NULL.
while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++;
}
if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;

Node* newNode = new Node;

newNode->data = x;
if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode;
}
else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;
currNode->next = newNode;
}
return newNode;
}
 Inserting a new node
Node* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;

int currIndex = 1;
Node* currNode = head;
while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++;
}
if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;

Node* newNode = new Node;

newNode->data = x;
if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head; Create a new node
head = newNode;
}
else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;
currNode->next = newNode;
}
return newNode;
}
 Inserting a new node
Node* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;

int currIndex = 1;
Node* currNode = head;
while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++;
}
if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;

Node* newNode = new Node; Insert as first element

newNode->data = x;
if (index == 0) { head
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode;
}
else {
newNode->next = currNode->next; newNode
currNode->next = newNode;
}
return newNode;
}
 Inserting a new node
Node* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;

int currIndex = 1;
Node* currNode = head;
while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++;
}
if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;

Node* newNode = new Node;

newNode->data = x;
if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode; Insert after currNode
}
currNode
else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;
currNode->next = newNode;
}
return newNode;
} newNode
Finding a node
 int FindNode(double x)
 Search for a node with the value equal to x in the list.
 If such a node is found, return its position. Otherwise,
return 0.

int List::FindNode(double x) {
Node* currNode = head;
int currIndex = 1;
while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++;
}
if (currNode) return currIndex;
return 0;
}
Deleting a node
 int DeleteNode(double x)
 Delete a node with the value equal to x from the list.
 If such a node is found, return its position. Otherwise,
return 0.
 Steps
 Find the desirable node (similar to FindNode)
 Release the memory occupied by the found node
 Set the pointer of the predecessor of the found node to
the successor of the found node
 Like InsertNode, there are two special cases
 Delete first node
 Delete the node in middle or at the end of the list
Deleting a node
int List::DeleteNode(double x) {
Node* prevNode = NULL;
Try to find the node with
Node* currNode = head; its value equal to x
int currIndex = 1;
while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
prevNode = currNode;
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++;
}
if (currNode) {
if (prevNode) {
prevNode->next = currNode->next;
delete currNode;
}
else {
head = currNode->next;
delete currNode;
}
return currIndex;
}
return 0;
}
Deleting a node
int List::DeleteNode(double x) {
Node* prevNode = NULL;
Node* currNode = head;
int currIndex = 1;
while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
prevNode = currNode;
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++; prevNode currNode
}
if (currNode) {
if (prevNode) {
prevNode->next = currNode->next;
delete currNode;
}
else {
head = currNode->next;
delete currNode;
}
return currIndex;
}
return 0;
}
Deleting a node
int List::DeleteNode(double x) {
Node* prevNode = NULL;
Node* currNode = head;
int currIndex = 1;
while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
prevNode = currNode;
currNode = currNode->next;
currIndex++;
}
if (currNode) {
if (prevNode) {
prevNode->next = currNode->next;
delete currNode;
}
else {
head = currNode->next;
delete currNode;
}
return currIndex;
} head currNode
return 0;
}
Printing all the elements
 void DisplayList(void)
 Print the data of all the elements
 Print the number of the nodes in the list

void List::DisplayList()
{
int num = 0;
Node* currNode = head;
while (currNode != NULL){
cout << currNode->data << endl;
currNode = currNode->next;
num++;
}
cout << "Number of nodes in the list: " << num << endl;
}
Destroying the list
 ~List(void)
 Use the destructor to release all the memory used by
the list.
 Step through the list and delete each node one by one.
List::~List(void) {
Node* currNode = head, *nextNode = NULL;
while (currNode != NULL)
{
nextNode = currNode->next;
// destroy the current node
delete currNode;
currNode = nextNode;
}
}
 6
7 result
Using List 5
Number of nodes in the list: 3
5.0 found
4.5 not found
6
int main(void) 5
{ Number of nodes in the list: 2

List list;
list.InsertNode(0, 7.0); // successful
list.InsertNode(1, 5.0); // successful
list.InsertNode(-1, 5.0); // unsuccessful
list.InsertNode(0, 6.0); // successful
list.InsertNode(8, 4.0); // unsuccessful
// print all the elements
list.DisplayList();
if(list.FindNode(5.0) > 0) cout << "5.0 found" << endl;
else cout << "5.0 not found" << endl;
if(list.FindNode(4.5) > 0) cout << "4.5 found" << endl;
else cout << "4.5 not found" << endl;
list.DeleteNode(7.0);
list.DisplayList();
return 0;
}
Variations of Linked Lists
 Circular linked lists
 The last node points to the first node of the list

A B C

Head
 How do we know when we have finished traversing the list?
(Tip: check if the pointer of the current node is equal to the
head.)
Variations of Linked Lists
 Doubly linked lists
 Each node points to not only successor but the predecessor
 There are two NULL: at the first and last nodes in the list
 Advantage: given a node, it is easy to visit its predecessor.
Convenient to traverse lists backwards

 A B C 

Head
Array versus Linked Lists

 Linked lists are more complex to code and manage

than arrays, but they have some distinct advantages.
 Dynamic: a linked list can easily grow and shrink in size.
 We don’t need to know how many nodes will be in the list. They
are created in memory as needed.
 In contrast, the size of a C++ array is fixed at compilation time.
 Easy and fast insertions and deletions
 To insert or delete an element in an array, we need to copy to
temporary variables to make room for new elements or close
the gap caused by deleted elements.
 With a linked list, no need to move other nodes. Only need to
reset some pointers.