Bivariate Data and Scatter

Plot
Melody A.
Quirante
CLASSROOM RULES:
1. I will listen to the discussion properly and ask
questions politely whenever I am in doubt.

2. I will actively participate in group activities.

3. I will not answer in chorus but will raise my hand to

speak.
These are some questions that are asked
concerning relationship between two variables
These are some questions that are asked
concerning relationship between two variables
1

Why does profit usually increase when capital increases?

These are some questions that are asked
concerning relationship between two variables

Why does savings generally increase when

expenditures decrease?
3

Why does blood pressure increase when one gets older?

4

What is the relationship between the price of a product with

consumer’s demand
Group 1 Ask 10 of your classmates
of their average daily
Daily Allowance and allowance in peso and
Weight of a Person their weights expressed in
kilograms. Graph the
points corresponding to
the bivariate Data
Activity 1
Is there a relationship between the
amount of daily allowance and the
weight of a student?
Group 2 Construct 10 squares,
Find the side of each
Length of a side and square. Measure their
Perimeter of a perimeters. Tabulate
Square results. Graph the points
corresponding to the
bivariate data

Activity 1
Is there a relationship between the length of a side
and the perimeter of a square?
Group 3 Ask 10 of your classmates
of their waist
Waist circumference circumference and their
and neck neck circumference
circumference expressed in inches. Graph
the points corresponding
to the bivariate data

Activity 1
Is there a relationship between the length of the waist
circumference and neck circumference?
Bivariate data

• Data that involve

two variables
Purpose

Describe relationships
between related variables
 Example 1: Business
Advertising Spend Total Income

14,500 59,000 This tells the

19,000 64,000
business that for
each additional
22,400 89,000
dollar spent on
28,900 86,000
advertising, total
32,000 104,000 revenue increases
35,000 103,000
 Example 2: Medical
Age Resting Heart Rate

18 51
That is, as age
increases resting
20 57
heart rate tends to
30 68 increase
45 67

49 72

53 70
Example 3: Academics
Hours General Average

6 83
As the number of
hours studied per
9 88
week increases, the
10 89 GPA of the student
13 91 tends to increase as
6 84
well.
5 82
 Example 4: Economics
Years of Schooling Annual Income

12 P 36,000
This tells the
economist that for
11 P 32,000
each additional year
16 P 58,000 of schooling, annual
18 P 89,000 income increases
17 P 45,000

20 P 125,000
 Example 5: Biology
Total Rainfall Total number of Plants

14 450
That is, higher rainfall
is closely associated
12 413
with an increased
20 490 number of plants in a
22 566 region.
24 576

29 640
Examples
1. Correlation between
Cooking and
Entrepreneurship
Examples
2. Correlation between
Networking and
Cybersecurity
Examples

3. IQ scores and math

scores in a long exam.
Examples

4. Ice cream sales

compared to the
temperature that day
Examples

5. Traffic accidents
along with the weather
on a particular day
 A statistical method
Correlation used to determine
whether a relationship
Analysis between two variables
exists.
Scatter Plot
• Shows how each point collected from a
set of bivariate data are scattered on the
Cartesian plane.
• It gives a good visual picture of the two
variables which helps in finding the
relationship that exists between the two
variables.
• Graphical representation of the
relationship between two variables.
The direction of
correlation
maybe
positive,
negative,
or zero
A positive correlation exists
when high values of one
variable correspond to high
values in the other variable
or low values in one variable
correspond to low values in
the other variable
A negative correlation exists
when high values in one
variable correspond to low
values in the other variable
or low values in one variable
correspond to high values in
the other variable
A zero correlation exist
when high values in one
variable correspond to
either high or low values in
the other variable
Perfect Positive Correlation

27

24

21

18

15

12

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A Perfect Negative Correlation

33

30

27

24

21

18

15

12

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
On the other hand, points spread in all directions, as
shown below, indicate low relationship ( r value close to
zero) or no relationship at all (r=0).
10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Present your data in class. As you present them in class.
Identify variables and describe how the points are scattered.
Activity 2.
Determine whether the
correlation between the
given bivariate data is
most likely positive,
negative, or zero
Determine whether the correlation between the given
bivariate data is most likely positive, negative, or zero

Age and height during years

of a child
Determine whether the correlation between the given
bivariate data is most likely positive, negative, or zero

Grade in Statistics and

number of hours spent in
studying Statistics
 Determine whether the correlation between the given
bivariate data is most likely positive, negative, or zero

Weight of a person and

his/her skill in problem
solving
 Determine whether the correlation between the
given bivariate data is most likely positive,
negative, or zero

The more one cleans the

house, the less likely there
are to be pest problems.
 Determine whether the correlation between the
given bivariate data is most likely positive,
negative, or zero

The more education years

you complete, the higher
your potential to earn
HOMEWORK
Survey family members
about hours of work vs.
income earned and discuss
findings using scatter plots.
https://forms.gle/EnN6X9xNBjL18vK47
Remember this…

The correlation of variables can be

determined by studying its scatter
plot. The scatter plot can be
described through its form, also
known as shape.
Activity 3

Cite three examples of two variables that

are positively correlated and negatively
correlated.
• As the slope of a hill increases, the amount of speed a walker reaches
may decrease
• If the temperatures increases, electricity bills will increase.
Trend line
•The line closes to the
points.
Trend Line
If the trend line points to the If the trend line points to the
right, its slope is positive left, its slope is negative

Positive correlation Negative correlation

 Strength
• Indicated by the closeness of the points
to the trend line
• The closer the points are to the trend
line, the stronger the relationship is.
Strength
Strong Positive Correlation Strong Negative Correlation

Moderate Positive Correlation Moderate Negative Correlation

Perfect Positive Correlation Perfect Negative Correlation

No Correlation
Perfect Positive Correlation
Strong Positive Correlation
Moderate Positive Correlation
Moderate Negative Correlation
Strong Negative Correlation
Perfect Negative Correlation
No Correlation
Construct the scatterplots for the
following bivariateNo.data:
of hours spent in
No of hours
lost due to
safety training accidents
20 100
30 90
40 85
50 60

1 60
70
80
90
80
50
30
30
100 20
110 10
Construct the scatterplots for the
following bivariateAgedata
of a person,
in years Weight, in kg
11 40
12 42
13 38

2
14 35
15 45
16 51
17 48
18 48
19 50
20 47
Strong Negative Correlation
Chart Title

1
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
moderate Positive Correlation

2 60

50
Chart Title

40

30

20

10

0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Pearson Product-
Moment Coefficient of
Correlation(r)
 𝑛 ∑ 𝑋𝑌 − ( ∑ 𝑋 ) ( ∑ 𝑌 )
¿
√ [𝑛 ∑ 𝑋 2
− (∑ 𝑋 )
2
][𝑛∑ 𝑌 2
− (∑ 𝑌
2
) ]

Where: X= first variable under study

Y= second variable under study

n= total number of pairs

r Descriptive Equivalent
Perfect positive (negative) correlation

Strong positive (negative) correlation

Moderately high positive (negative) correlation

Moderately low positive (negative) correlation

Low positive (negative) correlation

0 No correlation
The test score in Mathematics and Science of 12
college students are recorded as follows:
Student No. Math Scores Science Scores
1 18 20
2 16 18
3 11 12
4 15 17
5 15 15
6 11 14
7 11 12
8 13 14
9 8 10
10 9 13
11 13 12
12 7 9
Student Math Scores Science Scores
XY X2 Y2
Number (X) (Y)

1 18 20 360 324 400

2 16 18 288 256 324
3 11 12 132 121 144
4 15 17 255 225 289
5 15 15 225 225 225
6 11 14 154 121 196
7 11 12 132 121 144
8 13 14 182 169 196
9 8 10 80 64 100
10 9 13 117 81 169
11 13 12 156 169 144
12 7 9 63 49 81
 𝑛 ∑ 𝑋𝑌 − ( ∑ 𝑋 )( ∑ 𝑌 )
𝑟=
√[ 𝑛 ∑ 𝑋 2 2
− (∑ 𝑋 ) ] [ 𝑛∑ 𝑌 2
− (∑ 𝑌 )
2
]
2
r Descriptive Equivalent
Perfect positive (negative) correlation
HIGH positive (negative) correlation
Moderately high positive (negative) correlation
Moderately low positive (negative) correlation
Low positive (negative) correlation
0 No correlation
A researcher wanted to determine the relationship between the amount of
preservatives in mg/Kg and the shelf life in months of pickles. The following data
were gathered from 30 sample brands.
Amount of Preservatives Shelf Life Amount of Preservatives Shelf Life
(in mg/Kg) (in months) (in mg/Kg) (in months)

85 12 91 17
90 15 95 19
91 15 89 15
95 20 91 18
99 22 91 18
100 24 90 18
85 14 91 18
89 17 95 22
91 16 99 22
91 16 100 23
91 15 91 18
95 21 91 17
99 24 90 16
100 23 91 16
85 16 95 20
Testing the significance of r

𝑡 =𝑟
√ 𝑛− 2
1 −𝑟 2

With degrees of freedom = n-2

The scores of 12 students in math
scores and science scores
Step 1: State the null and
alternative hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between

the math score and science score

Ha: There is significant relationship between

the math score and science score
Step 2: level of significance is 0.05
Step 3: Using =0.05, employing a two-tailed
test and a df = 10, locate the tabular value of t
• ttab = 2.228
Step 4: Compute for the value of
the t-statistic
Step 5: Decision
Since tcomp is greater than ttab, i.e., 7.42 > 2.228, therefore, reject Ho and
accept Ha. A students’ score in mathematics is significantly related to
his score in science.
 Linear Regression

where: Y = response variable

X= predictor variable
= y-intercept
= slope of the line

Y=α+βX
3

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• Refer to the notes section below for
guidelines on this topic.
Research Presentation
Positive
The more education years you complete, the higher your potential to
earn
The less time you spend doing business marketing, the fewer new
clients you get
The more time you invest money, the more compound interest it earns
The money you save, the more secure you feel financially
Negative

• A student who has many absences has a decrease in grades.

• As weather gets colder, air conditioning costs decrease.
• If a train increases speed, the length of time to get to the final point
decreases.
• If a chicken increases in age, the amount of eggs it produces decreases.
• If the sun shines more, a house with solar panels requires less use of
other electricity.
• If it is darker outside, more light is needed inside.
• If a car decreases speed, travel time to a destination increases.
Negative
• If a car tire has more air, the car may use less gas per mile.
• The warmer it is outside, the fewer layers of clothing one has to wear to be warm.
• As one exercises more, his body weight becomes less.
• The older a man gets, the less hair that he has.
• The more one works, the less free time one has.
• As a tadpole gets older, its tail gets smaller.
• The further one runs, the slower one's pace may be.
• As the temperature increases, fewer hot chocolate products are sold.
• As more employees are laid off, satisfaction among remaining employees decreases.
• As the temperature decreases, more heaters are purchased.
• As a bikers speed increases, his time to get to the finish line decreases.
Negative
• As the slope of a hill increases, the amount of speed a walker reaches
may decrease.
• The more one eats, the less hunger one will have.
• As humidity increases, people's desire to be outside may decrease.
• As snowfall totals increase, the amount of people driving decreases.
• As one increases in age, often one's agility decreases.
• If the temperatures outside decrease dramatically, heating bills will
increase.
• If a resident uses more mouse traps in the home, the amount of mice in
the home will likely decrease.
Negative
• The more alcohol one consumes, the less judgment one has.
• The more a window is obstructed by curtains, the less light that will enter
the house.
• The more one cleans the house, the less likely there are to be pest
problems.
• The more one works out at the gym, the less body fat one may have.
• The more one smokes cigarettes, the fewer years she will have to live.
• The more one runs, the less likely one is to have cardiovascular problems.
• The more vitamins one takes, the less likely one is to have a deficiency.
• The more iron an anemic person consumes, the less tired one may be.
References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology
• https://www.webanywhere.co.uk/blog/2016/02/top-6-benefits-techn
ology-classroom/
• https://www.slideshare.net/Lynnylu/presentation1-20887067
Plot the following points

• (2,5)
• (-1,-6)
• (6,3)
• (3,-2)
• (-4,-5)
• (-5,9)
• (9,-5)
• (-9,7)
• (0,7)
• (-6,-3)
IQ scores are related to scores in
math. An IQ score defines the
intelligence of a student.
More often than not, intelligent
students will perform better in
mathematics.
Thus, the higher the IQ of a student
is, the higher his math score will be.
The following examples show
different scenarios where bivariate
data appears in real life.
The central Philippine
province of Iloilo lies
465 kilometers (290
miles) from the capital,
Manila, and hosts the
Suludnon, also known
as the Panay-Bukidnon.
For generations,
Philippine Indigenous
communities like the
Suludnon have
practiced biodiversity-
based farming systems
to sustainably ensure
year-round abundance
of food and income.