DATA

TRANSMISSION
BSCS 4 th (Morning)
 Data Transmission

o Data transmission is the process of sending digital or analog data over a communication medium to one
or more computing, network, communication or electronic devices.
o It enables the transfer and communication of devices in a point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and
multipoint-to-multipoint environment.
o Data transmission is also known as digital transmission or digital communications.
o The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radio wave,
microwave, or infrared signal.
o This transfer of data takes place via some form of transmission media (for example, coaxial cable, fiber
optics etc.)
 Parallel Transmission

o Parallel communication is a means of transmitting multiple binary digits (bits)

simultaneously in data transmission.

o It differs from serial communication, which sends only one bit at a time; this
distinction is one method to classify a communication channel.

o A parallel interface comprises parallel wires that individually contain data and
other cables that allow the transmitter and receiver to communicate.

o Therefore, the wires for a similar transmission system are put in a single
physical thread to simplify installation and troubleshooting.
 Parallel Transmission

o A large amount of data must be delivered across connection lines at high speeds
that match the underlying hardware.

o The data stream must be transmitted through "n" communication lines, which
necessitates using many wires.

o This is an expensive mode of transportation; hence it is usually limited to shorter

distances.
 Serial Transmission

o A serial transmission transfers data one bit at a time, consecutively, via a

communication channel or computer bus in telecommunication and data
transmission.

o On the other hand, parallel communication delivers multiple bits as a single unit
through a network with many similar channels.

o 8-bits are conveyed at a time in serial transmission, with a start bit and a stop bit.

o All long-distance communication and most computer networks employ serial

communication.
 Serial Transmission

o Serial computer buses are becoming more common, even across shorter
distances, since newer serial technologies' greater signal integrity and
transmission speeds have begun to outperform the parallel bus's simplicity
advantage.

o The majority of communication systems use serial mode. Serial networks

may be extended over vast distances for far less money since fewer
physical wires are required.
 Types of Data Transmission

◦ There are two types of serial transmission-synchronous and asynchronous both these transmissions use
'Bit synchronization'

◦ Bit Synchronization is a function that is required to determine when the beginning and end of the data
transmission occurs.

◦ Bit synchronization helps the receiving computer to know when data begin and end during a
transmission.

◦ Therefore, bit synchronization provides timing control.

 Asynchronous Transmission

o In Asynchronous Transmission, data is sent in form of byte or character.

o This transmission is the half-duplex type transmission.

o In this transmission start bits and stop bits are added with data.

o It does not require synchronization.

o Asynchronous transmission is like sending individual text messages without knowing

exactly when the other person will read them.

o The sender and receiver do not share a common clock signal.

 Asynchronous Transmission

o Instead, data is sent one byte or character at a time, with start and stop bits indicating the
beginning and end of each byte.

o Each piece of data is sent independently, with gaps in between, allowing the receiver to process
each byte as it arrives.

o It’s flexible and simpler to implement, especially useful for communications where data is sent
intermittently.

Example:

o Emails

o Forums

o Letters
 Synchronous Transmission

o In Synchronous Transmission, data is sent in the form of blocks or frames.

o This transmission is the full-duplex type.

o Between sender and receiver, synchronization is compulsory.

o In Synchronous transmission, There is no time gap present between data.

o It is more efficient and more reliable than asynchronous transmission to

transfer a large amount of data.

o Both the sender and receiver are synchronized with a common clock signal.
 Synchronous Transmission

o This means they operate at the same speed and know exactly when to send and
receive data.
o Data is sent in a continuous stream, with each byte or chunk of data following the
previous one without any gaps.
o It’s efficient for sending large amounts of data quickly because there’s less overhead
(extra bits) needed to start and stop the transmission.
Example:
o Chat Rooms
o Telephonic Conversations
o Video Conferencing
 Transmission Mode

oThe Data Transmission mode specifies the direction of

information flow between two communication devices via
a communication channel that includes an optical fiber, wireless
channels, copper wires, and other storage media .
oIt is also known as Data Communication Mode.
oThe transmission mode is sometimes referred to as a directional
mode because each communication channel is coupled with a
direction provided by the transmission media.
 Transmission Mode

o The Physical Layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Layer

Model is dedicated to data transmission in the network.

o It primarily determines the direction in which the data must travel to reach
the receiving system or node.

o Data is transmitted between the devices via the communication

channel that includes an optical fiber, copper wires, wireless channels ,
and other storage media.
 Types of Transmission Mode

o The term transmission mode refers to the transmission of information

between two communication devices via an interaction channel that
indicates the direction of information flow between the devices.

o There are three primary types of transmission modes based on the

direction of the exchange of information.

o The first is simplex, followed by half duplex, and finally full duplex.
 Simplex Mode

o The Simplex transmission mode is used in computing networks when there is

a single or one-way flow of information from sender to receiver.
o In this mode of transmission, communication occurs only in one direction, i.e., the
circuit is configured so that it is either transmit only or receive only.
o Simplex mode is just like a one-way road in which the traffic travels only in one
direction, which means no vehicle from the opposite direction is allowed to drive
through.
o Simplex transmission mode is not very popular as mainly communications
require two-way data exchange .
o The simplex mode is used in business as in sales that do not require a
corresponding reply.
 Simplex Mode
◦ In simplex mode, data flows in only one direction
◦ You can use the remote to control TV programs and functions, but you can't use the TV to
control the remote in any way.
Broadcast TV 📺
◦ Television stations transmit signals to viewers, but viewers cannot send anything back through
the same channel.
Barcode Scanner 🛒
◦ The barcode scanner reads the code and sends the data to the computer, but the scanner does
not receive any response back.
CCTV Surveillance 🎥
◦ Security cameras send video footage to a monitoring system, but they do not receive any data
from the system.
 Half Duplex Mode
o The half duplex mode of transmission is used in computer networks when there is a
way to flow information from sender to receiver but only one at a time.
o In this mode, the connected devices can transmit or receive the data but not
simultaneously.
o In half duplex mode, the direction of communication can be reversed as the radio
stations can receive as well as transmit the data.
o The half-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is not required at
the same time .
o Railway tracks and walkie-talkies are examples of half-duplex. Only one train can run on
a railway track at a time. If a train is on the track, the second train has to wait until the
first train leaves the track.
 Half Duplex Mode

Police Radio System 🚔📡

◦ Officers talk one at a time, and others must wait before responding.

Push-to-Talk (PTT) Systems 🎤

◦ Used in military or construction communication, allowing only one party to speak at a

time.

Two-Way Intercom Systems

◦ Communication is possible in both directions, but only one person can talk at a time.

Shared Wi-Fi Network (CSMA/CD) 🌐💻

◦ Devices take turns transmitting data to avoid collisions.

 Full Duplex Mode
o Full-duplex is also called two-way or bidirectional.
o The Full Duplex mode of transmission is used in computing networks when there is
simultaneous information flow in both directions, from sender to receiver.
o In this mode of transmission, the channel capacity is shared between the two devices, and
communication occurs in both directions across a communication link that requires two
wires.
o The Full Duplex mode features two simplex channels.
o One channel has traffic flowing in one direction, while the other channel has traffic flowing
in the other way.
o The full duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is required.
 Full Duplex Mode
o A two-lane highway is an example of a full-duplex. A two-lane highway uses
dedicated lanes for incoming and outgoing traffic.
Telephone Calls 📞📱

◦ Both people can speak and listen at the same time without waiting.
Video Calls (Zoom, WhatsApp, Skype, etc.) 🎥💬

◦ Both participants can talk and listen at the same time.

Fiber Optic Communication 🌐🔗

◦ Data flows in both directions simultaneously, making it highly efficient.

Bluetooth Headsets 🎧📶

◦ You can talk and hear the other person at the same time.
Online Multiplayer Games 🎮🌍

◦ Players send and receive game data continuously, allowing real-time interaction.
 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
It provides one-way It provides two-way It provides two-way
communication. communication but one way communication at the same
at a time. time.

A device can only send data, A device can send and receive A device can send and receive
but it cannot receive data. data but one at a time. data at the same time.

It utilizes less bandwidth than It utilizes more bandwidth It utilizes more bandwidth
half-duplex and full-duplex. than simplex but less than than simplex and half-duplex.
full-duplex.

It uses one channel to It also uses one channel to It uses two separate channels
transmit data. transmit data. to transmit data.

Keyboards and scanners are Hubs and old NICs are Switches and modern NICs are
examples of simplex. examples of half-duplex. examples of full-duplex.