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Object Oriented Programming Concepts

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that integrates data and functions into objects, promoting modularity and abstraction. Key characteristics of OOP include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, dynamic binding, and message passing, which enhance code reusability and security. While OOP offers benefits such as better modeling of real-world entities and manageable complexity, it also requires specialized skills and careful planning.

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5 views18 pages

Object Oriented Programming Concepts

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that integrates data and functions into objects, promoting modularity and abstraction. Key characteristics of OOP include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, dynamic binding, and message passing, which enhance code reusability and security. While OOP offers benefits such as better modeling of real-world entities and manageable complexity, it also requires specialized skills and careful planning.

Uploaded by

Mamata Anilgod
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
Introduction

 The programming languages deal with two important


aspects – data and algorithm.
 Data is the main substance of the program and the
algorithms are the methods that use these programs.
 OOP is the principle of design and development of programs
using the modular approach.
Procedural programming:

 The procedural programming focuses on processing of


instructions in order to perform a desired computation.
Therefore it emphasizes more on doing things like algorithms.
 This programming is lengthy, increases the complexity of
program, difficult to understand and modify the program.
 This technique is used in conventional programming
languages such as C and Pascal.
 For example, procedural programs make use of branching
statements, where the flow of control changes its path
according to the result of the test expression.
Structured programming:

Structured programming approach was a disciplined


approach which limits the branching to a small set of well-
behaved construction (ex: if, if-else, while etc).
 The idea of Top-down design is to break a large program
into smaller programs.
 The major drawback is that it is very difficult to model the
real world scenario using this model.
Object oriented programming:
 Object oriented programming (OOP) is a concept that combines both the data
and the functions that operate on that data into a single unit called the object.
 Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behavior.
 Top-down design is an approach of dividing a problem into sub problems and
then dividing the sub problems further into still smaller sub problems until it
can be implemented for a computer solution.
 Bottom up design is vice versa where solutions to smaller modules are
integrated to find the solution of overall problem.
 OOP follows bottom-up design technique.
 Class is the major concept that plays important role in this approach. Class is
a template that represents a group of objects which share common properties
and relationships.
OOPs characteristics:

 Modularity:
 Abstraction
 Data Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic Binding
 Message Passing
Modularity:

 Module is a logically self contained unit that can be tested and


executed independently.
 Modularity is a technique adopted to divide a complex problem
into a number of self contained independent programming
fragments or modules.
Abstraction:

 Abstraction is an act which represents the essential features


of an entity without including explanations or any background
details about it.
Data Encapsulation:

 Wrapping of data and functions into a single unit is called


data encapsulation.
 The concept of insulating the data from direct access by
the program is called data hiding.
Inheritance:

Inheritance is the process by which objects of one


class acquires the properties of the objects of
another class. (Or)
The process of deriving a new class from the
existing class is called inheritance.
Polymorphism:

 Polymorphism is the ability for a message to be processed in


more than one form.
 The process of making an operator to exhibit different
behaviors in different instances is known as operator
overloading.
 Using a single function name to perform different types of
tasks is known as function overloading.
Dynamic Binding:

 Binding means linking of a procedure call to the code to be


executed when it is called.
 Dynamic binding means binding the procedure call during
program run rime.
Message Passing:

 Passing message objects and invoking the function by the


object by sending a message is known as message passing.
OOPs Benefits:

1. OOPs model the real world entity very well.


2. Inheritance eliminates the redundancy (repetition) of code and hence
supports code reusability.
3. Data hiding helps to build secured programs.
4. Multiple instances (objects) can be created.
5. Work can be divided easily.
6. OOPs can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
7. Complexity can be easily managed.
8. Message passing concept helps the objects to communicate and
share data.
OOPs disadvantages:

1. OOPs use tricky method to do the programming.


2. Special skills such as thinking in terms of design skills,
programming skills and object is required for a programmer.
3. Proper planning and design is required before programming
using OOPs technique.
OOPs Applications:

1. Object oriented databases.


2. Hypermedia, expert text and hypertext.
3. Artificial intelligence and expert systems.
4. Decision support systems and office automation
systems.
5. Parallel programming and neural networks.
6. CAD, CAM, CIM systems.
7. Simulation and modeling.

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