Introduction to Computer

Networks
Data Communication:
When we communicate, we are sharing
information.
This sharing can be local or remote. Between
individuals, local communication usually
occurs face to face,
while remote communication takes place over
distance.
Computer Network:
A computer network is a set of computers
connected together for the purpose of sharing
resources.
The most common resource shared today is
connection to the Internet.
 Other shared resources can include a printer
or a file server.
The Internet itself can be considered a
computer network.
Components of Data Communication :
Message: The message is the information
(data) to be communicated. Popular forms of
information include text, numbers, pictures,
audio, and video.
Sender: The sender is the device that sends
the data message. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, video
camera, and so on.
Receiver: The receiver is the device that
receives the message. It can be a
computer,workstation, telephone handset,
television, and so on.
Transmission medium: The transmission
medium is the physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver.
Some examples of transmission media include
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic
cable, and radio waves
 Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that
govern data communications. It represents an
agreement between the communicating devices.
Without a protocol, two devices may be
connected but not communicating,
 just as a person speaking French cannot be
understood by a person who speaks only
Japanese
Data Flow
Data Flow
 Simplex
In simplex mode, the communication is
unidirectional, as on a one-way street.
Only one of the two devices on a link can
transmit; the other can only receive .
 Examples :Keyboards , traditional monitors .
 The keyboard can only introduce input; the
monitor can only accept output.
 The simplex mode can use the entire
capacity of the channel to send data in one
direction.
 Half-Duplex:
In half-duplex mode, each station can both
transmit and receive, but not at the same
time.
When one device is sending, the other can
only receive, and vice versa.
the entire capacity of a channel is taken over
by whichever of the two devices is
transmitting at the time.
Ex: Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band)
radios
Full-Duplex:
In full-duplex both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously.
Ex: Telephone network
Types of Computer Networks: (network
Hardware)
Local Area Network (LAN) :
Local Area Network is a group of computers
connected to each other in a small area such as
building, office.
LAN is used for connecting two or more personal
computers through a communication medium such as
twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
 It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive
hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and
Ethernet cables.
The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in
Local Area Network.
Local Area Network provides higher security.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
A metropolitan area network, or MAN, covers
a city.
example of a MAN is the cable television
network available in many cities.
A metropolitan area network is a network
that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a
larger network.
Government agencies use MAN to connect to
the citizens and private industries.
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
In MAN, various LANs are connected to each
other through a telephone exchange line.
 The most widely used protocols in MAN are
RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, etc.
It has a higher range than Local Area
Network (LAN).
Wide Area Network (WAN) :
A wide area network, or WAN, spans a large
geographical area, often a country or continent.
It contains a collection of machines intended for
running user (i.e., application) programs. These
machines are called as hosts
In most WANs,the network contains numerous
transmission lines, each one connecting a pair of
routers
If two routers that do not share a transmission
line wish to communicate, they must do this
indirectly, via other routers.
When a packet is sent from one route to
another via one or more intermediate routers,
the packet is received at each intermediate
router in its
entirety, stored there until the required
output line is free, and then forwarded.
A subnet organized according to this
principle is called a store-and-forward or
packet-switched subnet.
A Wide Area Network is a network that
extends over a large geographical area such
as states or countries.
 A Wide Area Network is quite bigger
network than the LAN.
A Wide Area Network is not limited to a
single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line,
fibre optic cable or satellite links.
The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the
world.
 A Wide Area Network is widely used in the
field of Business, government, and education.
Personal Area Network (PAN):
Personal Area Network is a network arranged within
an individual person, typically within a range of 10
meters.
Personal Area Network is used for connecting the
computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network.
Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist
to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.
Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
Personal computer devices that are used to develop
the personal area network are the laptop, mobile
phones, media player and play stations.
Classification of interconnected processors by
scale Interprocess Processors Example
or distance located in
same
1m Square meter PAN
10 m Room LAN

100 m Building LAN

1 km Campus LAN

10 km City MAN

100 km Country WAN

1000 km Continent WAN

10,000 km Planet THE

INTERNET
Goals of networking
 Resource sharing
 High reliability
 Save money
 Scalability
 Powerful communication medium
Uses of computer Networks
1. Business Applications
2. Home Applications
3. Mobile Users
4. Social Issues
Business Applications
The aim of networking is to make all
programs, equipment’s, and data available to
anyone on the network without regard to the
physical location of the resource and the user.
 A company has separate computers to
monitor production, keep track of inventories,
and do the payroll.
Each computer has worked in isolation from
the others, but at some point.
Business Applications
They are connected to extract and correlate
information about the entire company.
Client server
Email
Desktop Sharing
The client-server model
Home Applications
The main usage of networks in home is
internet.
Some popular uses of the Internet for home
users are:
Access to remote information by surfing the
World Wide Web for information or just for
fun.
Person-to-person communication sharing the
audio, video, text and pictures among groups
of people.
Interactive entertainment where any movie
Home Applications
Electronic commerce where people do home
shopping, pay their bills, manage their bank
accounts, and handle their investments
electronically.
Instant Message Ex: Twitter
Social Networking Ex: Face Book, Watsup
Wiki
Ecommerce
File sharing
Software sharing
This lets RFID readers locate and communicate with
the items over a distance of up to several meters,
depending on the kind of RFID
Forms of E-Commerce
Tag

B2C Business-to- B2C Business-to-

consumer consumer Ordering
books online
B2B Business-to-business Car manufacturer
ordering tires from
supplier
G2C Government-to- Government
consumer distributing tax
forms electronically
C2C Consumer-to- Auctioning second
consumer hand products online

P2P Peer-to-peer Music sharing

 Mobile Users
Mobile computers, such as notebook
computers and personal digital assistants
(PDAs) are connected to the office or home
even when away from home.
People do this from anywhere on land, sea, or
air.
GPS –(Global Positioning System)
SMS –(Short message service)
M-Commerce
People on the road use their portable
electronic equipment to send and receive
telephone calls, faxes, and electronic mail,
surf the Web, access remote files, and log on
to remote machines.
Social Issuses
 Cookies- small files called cookies that Web
browsers store on users’ computers allow
companies to track users’ activities in cyberspace
and may also allow credit card numbers, social
security numbers, and other confidential
information to leak all over the Internet (
 Gmail -As part of the process of providing service to
your mobile device the network operators learn
where you are at different times of day. This allows
them to track your movements.
Social issues
The trouble comes with topics that people
actually care about, like politics, religion, or
sex. Views that are publicly posted may be
deeply offensive to some people