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Basic Electrical

The document explains the Superposition Theorem, which allows for the analysis of linear circuits with multiple sources by considering each source independently while replacing others with their internal impedances. It also covers Thevenin's and Norton's theorems, which simplify circuit analysis by reducing complex networks to equivalent circuits with voltage or current sources and resistances. The document includes steps for applying these theorems and examples to illustrate their usage.

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das455703
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19 views35 pages

Basic Electrical

The document explains the Superposition Theorem, which allows for the analysis of linear circuits with multiple sources by considering each source independently while replacing others with their internal impedances. It also covers Thevenin's and Norton's theorems, which simplify circuit analysis by reducing complex networks to equivalent circuits with voltage or current sources and resistances. The document includes steps for applying these theorems and examples to illustrate their usage.

Uploaded by

das455703
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEFINITION

• Superposition Theorem states that voltage or


current through an element of a linear, bilateral
network having multiple sources is equivalent to
the summation of generated voltage or current
across that element, independently by each
source present in the network. While at the time of
considering a single source all other sources are
replaced by their respective internal impedances.
CONDITIONS TO APPLY
SPT is applicable to both, AC and DC circuits.

2. The elements in the circuit can be resistors(DC), capacitors


or inductors(AC).

3. Semiconductor devices like diodes are usually nonlinear,


so cannot be applied SPT.
• 4. SPT works for current and voltage, but not power.
STEPS TO APPLY
. Turn off all independent sources except one.

2. Redraw circuit.

3. Solve for the voltages and currents in the new circuit.

4. Turn off the active independent source and turn on one of


the other independent sources.

5. Repeat Steps 2 and 3.

6. Continue until you have turned on each of the


independent sources in the original circuit.
• 7. To find the total voltage across each component and the
total current flowing, add the contributions from each of
the voltages and currents found in Step 3.
STEPS TO APPLY
EXAMPLE

• Find the current I using Superposition


Theorem.
EXAMPLE
• Case-1: Only with Voltage
Source I1= 20<0/ (4 + j4) =
20<0 / (5.65<45) = 3.532-
45 or 2.49 –j2.49A
EXAMPLE
• Case-2: Only with Current
Sourc I2= 4<90 × 4j/ (4
+ j4) = 4<90 × 4<90
(5.65<45) = 4<90 x
0.707<45 = 2.828<135
or -1.99 + j1.99 A
EXAMPLE

• Resultant
Current:
I=I1+I2=3.53<-
45 +2.828<135
=0.785<45 or
0.56 + j0.56 A
USAGE
• Separating the contributions of the DC and AC independent
sources. Example: To determine the
performance of an amplifier, we calculate the DC voltages and
currents to establish the bias point. The AC signal is usually
what will be amplified. A generic amplifier has a constant DC
operating point, but the AC signal’s amplitude and frequency
will vary depending on the application.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
• Thevenin’s theorem simplifies the process of solving
for the unknown values of voltage and current in a
network by reducing the network to an equivalent series
circuit connected to any pair of network terminals.
• • Any network with two open terminals can be
replaced by a single voltage source (VTH) and a series
resistance (RTH) connected to the open terminals. A
component can be removed to produce the open
terminals.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM

• Determining Thevenin Resistance and Voltage


• RTH is determined by shorting the voltage
source and calculating the circuit’s total
resistance as seen from open terminals A and B.
• • VTH is determined by calculating the voltage
between open terminals A and B.
STEPS TO DETERMINE VTH AND
RTH
1. Identify the load, which may be a resistor or a part of the
circuit.

2. Replace the load with an open circuit.

3. Calculate Voc. This is VTh

4. Turn off all independent voltage and currents sources.

5. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit. This is RTH.


• The current through and voltage across the load in series with
VTh and RTh is the load’s actual current and voltage in the
original circuit.
APPLY

=
EXAMPLE
STEP-1
EXAMPLE
STEP-2
EXAMPLE
STEP-3
EXAMPLE
STEP-4

• Note that R3 does not change the


value of VAB produced by the source
V, but R3 does increase the value of
RTH
THEVENIN’S THEOREM’S USAGES

1. **Identify Load Circuit:** Choose the part of the circuit you


want to analyze.

2. **Isolate the Load:** Disconnect the load from the circuit.

3. **Find Vth:** Determine the open-circuit voltage across the


load terminals.

4. **Find Rth:** Calculate the equivalent resistance looking back


into the circuit.

5. **Construct Equivalent Circuit:** Create a Thevenin equivalent


with a voltage source (Vth) and resistor (Rth) in series.6.
**Reconnect Load:** Reattach the original load to the Thevenin
NORTON’S THEOREM

• Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-


terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel
with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit
current through the terminals and RN is the input
or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.
STEPS TO APPLY NORTON’S THEOREM

• Find the Thevenin’s resistance of the circuit


• Short circuit the load resistor and calculate the
short circuit current
• Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit.
NORTON’S THEOREM

𝑰 𝑵 𝑹𝑵
𝑰 𝑳=
𝑹𝑵 + 𝑹𝑳
• EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then find the
current through RL for the circuit of figure.
Norton’s Theorem Procedures
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then find the
current through R₁ for the circuit of figure.
• Step 1:- Remove that portion of the network where the
Norton’s equivalent circuit is found. In Figure below, this
requires that the load resistor R, be temporarily removed from
the network.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₁ for the circuit of figure
• Step 1: Remove that portion of the network where the
Norton’s equivalent circuit is found. In Figure below,
this requires that the load resistor R, be temporarily
removed from the network.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then find the
current through R, for the circuit of figure.
• Step 3: Calculate R,, by first setting all sources to zero (voltage
sources are replaced by short circuits, and current sources by
open circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between
the two marked terminals.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₁ for the circuit of figure.
• Step 4: Calculate I by first returning all sources to their
original position and finding the short-circuit current
between the marked terminals.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₁ for the circuit of figure.
• Step 4:-Calculate I by first returning all sources to their
original position and finding the short-circuit current
between the marked terminals.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₁ for the circuit of figure.
• Step 4:-Calculate I by first returning all sources to their
original position and finding the short-circuit current
between the marked terminals.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₁ for the circuit of figure
• Step 4:-Calculate I by first returning all sources to their
original position and finding the short-circuit current
between the marked terminals.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₂ for the circuit of figure.
• Step 5: Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit with the
portion of the circuit previously removed replaced
between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
• EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₂ for the circuit of figure.
Converting the Norton equivalent circuit to a Thévenin
equivalent circuit.
• EXAMPLE 1: Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit. Then
find the current through R₂ for the circuit of figure.
Converting the Norton equivalent circuit to a Thévenin
equivalent circuit.
REFERENCES

Boylestad, Robert L. Introductory circuit analysis. Pearson


Education, 2010.
➤ Robbins, Allan H., and Wilhelm C. Miller. Circuit analysis:
Theory and practice. Cengage Learning, 2012.
• Sadiku, Matthew NO, and Chales K. Alexander. Fundamentals
of electric circuits. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2007.

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