DATA

PRESENTATION
AND
INTERPRETATIONS
 OBJECTIVES
• Understand different ways to best
summarize data
• Choose the right table/graph for the right
data
• Interpret data to consider the
programmatic relevance
 DATA PRESENTATION
• refers to organizing, summarizing, and
displaying data in a clear and structured
way to communicate the findings of a
study
• helps transform raw data into
meaningful information that can be
easily understood and interpreted by the
audience
 IMPORTANCE OF DATA PRESENTATION
1. Simplifies Complex Data. By using tools such as charts, tables, and
graphs, complex datasets can be broken down into manageable
insights.
2. Supports Decision-Making. Clear data presentation helps stakeholders
understand key findings, aiding in decision-making processes.
3. Enhances Communication. Effective data presentation
ensures that the research findings are communicated
effectively to a broad audience, making the results
accessible and understandable.
 KEY COMPONENTS OF DATA PRESENTATION
1. Clarity: Data should be presented in a manner that is easy to understand
and free from ambiguity.
2. Accuracy: The data must be accurately represented by using correct scales,
values, and labels when presenting data graphically or numerically.
3. Relevance: Only the most pertinent data should be presented to focus
attention on the research objectives and findings.
4. Engagement: Visual tools should engage the reader, making
complex information more digestible and providing insights that
might be harder to discern from text alone.
 COMMON METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION IN RESEARCH
1. Textual Presentation: Describes the data in narrative form, offering explanations of
trends, comparisons, or significant findings.
2. Tabular Presentation: Displays data in rows and columns, allowing for easy
comparison of figures and identification of patterns.
3. Graphical Presentation: Uses visual elements such as graphs, charts, and diagrams
to present data in a visually engaging way, highlighting trends,
relationships, or distributions.
4. Statistical Summaries: Presents data through statistical measures
(e.g., mean, median, standard deviation) to summarize large
datasets into digestible metrics.
5. Qualitative Data Presentation: For qualitative research, data may
be presented through themes, quotes, or narratives, showing
patterns or key insights from non-numerical data.
 NON-PROSE MATERIALS

• presenting the data in a graphical or visual

presentation
• its purpose is to make the outlined results more
presentable
• composed of graphs, bars, tables, charts, diagrams,
illustrations, drawings, and maps
 TABLE
• helps summarize and categorize data using columns
and rows
• contains headings that indicate the most important
information about your study
 TYPES OF TABLES

Frequency Tables: Show how often

each value or category appears in a
dataset.

Contingency Tables: Show the

relationship between two or more
categorical variables by displaying their
joint distribution.
Summary Table (Descriptive Statistics):
Summarize key statistical metrics, such
as mean, median, standard deviation,
and percentages, for different variables.

Comparative Tables: Present

comparisons between different groups,
conditions, or periods.
 Correlation Table: Show the strength
and direction of relationships between
variables using correlation coefficients.

Longitudinal Tables (Time Series Data):

Display data over time to show trends,
patterns, or changes in variables.
 GRAPHS
• focuses on how a change in one variable
relates to another
• use bars, lines, circles, and pictures to
represent the data
 TYPES OF GRAPHS
Bar Graph
Purpose: Compares different categories or groups.
Use: Suitable for categorical data, such as survey
responses, sales figures, or demographic
information.
Types:
• Vertical Bar Graph: Displays bars vertically to
compare different categories.
• Horizontal Bar Graph: Displays bars
horizontally, often used when category labels
are long.
• Stacked Bar Graph: Compares parts of a whole
within each category by stacking sub-categories
on top of one another
Line Graph
Purpose: Shows trends over time or
continuous changes.
Use: Often used to display data points
over intervals, such as monthly sales,
population growth, or stock market
trends.
Types:
• Single Line Graph: Shows one
dataset.
• Multiple Line Graph: Compares
multiple datasets over the same
timeline.
Pie Chart
Purpose: Represents proportions or
percentages within a whole.
Use: Effective for displaying categorical
data where each segment represents a
proportion of the total.
Variants:
• Exploded Pie Chart: Pulls one or
more slices out to emphasize
certain categories.
• Doughnut Chart: Similar to a pie
chart but with a hollow center.
Histogram
Purpose: Displays the frequency
distribution of continuous data.
Use: Useful for showing the distribution
of numerical data, such as exam scores,
age, or income levels.
Difference from Bar Graph: Histograms
are used for continuous data with no
gaps between bars, while bar graphs are
used for categorical data.
Scatter Plot
Purpose: Shows the relationship or
correlation between two continuous
variables.
Use: Often used in correlation studies
to visualize how two variables are
related (positive, negative, or no
correlation).
Additional Features: Can include a
trend line to illustrate patterns.
Box Plot (Box-and-Whisker Plot)
Purpose: Displays the distribution
of data based on five-number
summaries (minimum, first
quartile, median, third quartile,
maximum).
Use: Useful for identifying outliers
and visualizing the spread and
skewness of data.
 DATA INTERPRETATION
• the process of making sense of and deriving meaning
from the data collected during a study
• helps researchers analyze and understand the
implications of their findings, ultimately informing
conclusions and recommendations
• adding meaning to information by making
connections and comparisons and exploring
causes and consequences
 STEPS IN INTERPRETING TABLES
1. Analyze the connections among the details of the headings.
2. Check the unusual pattern of the data and determine the reason behind these.
3. Begin with the table number and the title.
4. Present the significant figures (overall results, high and low values, the unusual
pattern).
5. Refrain from repeating what is inside the table.
6. Support your findings with literature and studies that confirm
or contrast your results.
7. Establish the practical implications of the results to add value
to your research findings.
8. End with a brief generalization.
 SAMPLE INTERPRETATION FOR THE GIVEN TABLE
Table 1 shows the summary of the overall
adjectival rating in frequency and percentage of
students in their pretest in Pre-calculus at Gulayan
National High School for S.Y. 2019-2020. Results reveal
that 66% of the students have satisfactory rating. Only
5% have outstanding rating. Overall, the data showed
that the students at Gulayan National High School have
fair ratings based on their pretest scores. This implies
that most of the students do not have prior mastery on
the concepts of this subject. Hence, teacher is
expected to apply teaching strategies that will increase
students’ concepts of the subject. This result is
supported by Ignacio (2016) that pretest scores
especially if it is valid and reliable shows prior
knowledge of the learners of the subject matter.
 SAMPLE INTERPRETATION FOR THE GIVEN TABLE

Looking at Table 4, there is a significant relationship between the classroom interaction that facilitates
positive discipline and sense belonging (r(39 = .973, p = 0.000). The feeling of being safe and welcome in
school is significantly related to how the teachers manage classroom interaction. This result is supported by
the early studies on classroom management by Brophy and Avertson (1976) that though variety of teaching
behaviors affect effective teaching; classroom management appeared to be one of the most critical aspects as
viewed by students.
 SAMPLE INTERPRETATION FOR THE GIVEN GRAPHS

Figure 1 displays the lunch menu offerings at the GRSHS-X canteen. The graph indicates that rice is the
most popular item, with 150 cups sold daily to students and teachers. Pork and chicken dishes are also well-
received, with 315 servings sold. Vegetable dishes remain significant, attracting 135 servings daily. Seafood
dishes, however, are the least popular, with only 50 servings sold. Overall, the students and faculty of GRSHS-X
prefer meat-based meals, particularly pork and chicken, followed by rice.
 SAMPLE INTERPRETATION FOR THE GIVEN GRAPHS

Figure 2 illustrates the changes in the average grades of Elective Mathematics for Grade 10-Max and
Grade 10-Min from the first to the fourth quarter of the school year 2019-2020. The graph shows that both
sections are performing well, but Grade 10-Max consistently outperformed Grade 10-Min throughout the
quarters. Notably, in the second quarter, there was a significant difference in performance between the two
sections. Overall, Grade 10-Max demonstrated better performance in Elective Mathematics compared to
Grade 10-Min.
SAMPLE INTERPRETATION FOR THE GIVEN GRAPHS

Figure 3 presents the results of a survey

conducted among Grade 7 students regarding their
dream jobs. According to the graph, 40% of the
participants aspired to become doctors, while 30%
wanted to be engineers. The remaining 30%
expressed interest in other professions, with only 5%
aiming to become teachers. Based on the data, over
70% of Grade 7 students are likely to pursue STEM-
related courses when they graduate from high school.
 Interpretation – relevance of findings

• Does the indicator meet the target?

• How far from the target is it?
• How does it compare (to other periods, other facilities)?
• Are there any extreme highs and lows in the data?

Conduct
Relevance Reasons for Consider
further
of findings findings other data
research
 Interpretation – possible causes?

• Supplement with expert opinion

• Others with knowledge of the program or target population

Conduct
Relevance Reasons for Consider
further
of findings findings other data
research
 Interpretation –other data source

• Use other data sources

• Situation analyses
• Demographic and surveys
• Performance improvement data

Conduct
Relevance Reasons for Consider
further
of findings findings other data
research
 Interpretation – conduct further studies

• Data gap conduct further research

• Methodology depends on questions being asked and resources
available

Conduct
Relevance Reasons for Consider
further
of findings findings other data
research