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Lecture-2-Data-Models-and-Entity-Relationship-Model (1)

The document provides an overview of database models, including hierarchical, network, and relational models, along with their characteristics and applications. It also discusses types of databases based on user access and location, as well as basic file terminology and programming languages. Additionally, it outlines the components of a database system environment, including hardware, software, people, procedures, and data.

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Rio Manuel Valente
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© © All Rights Reserved
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5 views

Lecture-2-Data-Models-and-Entity-Relationship-Model (1)

The document provides an overview of database models, including hierarchical, network, and relational models, along with their characteristics and applications. It also discusses types of databases based on user access and location, as well as basic file terminology and programming languages. Additionally, it outlines the components of a database system environment, including hardware, software, people, procedures, and data.

Uploaded by

Rio Manuel Valente
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEY YOU!

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


LEARNING
TIME

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


CHARACTERISTICS &
ENVIRONMENT OF
DATABASE
Lecture 2
DATABASE MODELS

Are visual representations of an enterprise's data


elements and the connections between them. By
helping to define and structure data in the context
of relevant business processes, models support the
development of effective information systems.

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


Hierarchical databases are the oldest database models.. The
hierarchical database was the first one developed and therefore
was commonly used in the first mainframe database management
systems. They were developed out of the 1950s and 60s
Information Management Systems.

This concept uses a hierarchical tree structure to organize the


data. The hierarchy begins at the root, which contains root data,
and then grows into a tree as child nodes are added to the parent
node.

HIERARCHICAL DATABASES
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA
Secugal
NETWORK MODEL The network model represents
data as record types. This
model also represents a limited
type of one to many
This model was formalized by the relationship called a set type
Database Task group in the 1960s. This
model is the generalization of the
hierarchical model. This model can
consist of multiple parent segments and
these segments are grouped as levels
but there exists a logical association
between the segments belonging to any
level. Mostly, there exists a many-to-
many logical association between any of
the two segments. We called graphs the
logical associations between the
segments.

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


RELATIONAL MODEL

An approach to logically represent


and manage the data stored in a
database by storing data in tables.
Relations, Attributes and Tuples,
Degree and Cardinality, Relational
Schema and Relation instance, and
Relation Keys are some important
components of the Relational Model.

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


TYPES OF
DATABASE
ACCORDING TO NUMBER:

SINGLE USER DATABASE


Supports only one user at a time.

Desktop Database – a single-user database that runs


on a personal computer

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


MULTIUSER DATABASE
supports multiple users at the same time.

Workgroup Database – a multiuser database that


supports a relatively small number of users (usually
fewer than 50) or a specific department within an
organization
Enterprise Database – a database that is used by the
entire organization and supports many users (more than
50, usually hundreds) across many departments.

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


TYPES OF DATABASE

ACCORDING TO LOCATION:

Centralized Database – a Distributed Database – a


database that supports database that supports
data located at a single data distributed across
site. several different site.

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


BASIC FILE TERMINOLOGY

DP DPM DD

DATA PROCESSING DATA PROCESSING DATABASE DESIGN


SPECIALIST MANAGER
the one that supervises a DP refers to the activities that focus on
department the design of the design structure
creates a necessary computer fi le
that will be used to store and
structures, often wrote the software that
managed the data within those structures manage end-user data.
and designed the application programs that
produces reports based on the fi le data.
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
TERMINOLOGIES

DATA
are “raw” facts. Example: customer name, age etc.

FIELD
a character or group of characters (alphabet or numeric)
that has a specific meaning.

RECORD
a logically connected set of one or more fields that
describes a person, place or thing

FILE
a collection of related records

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


3GL VS. 4GL
FOURTH-
Third-Generation Language (3GL) – a GENERATION
programming that requires the programmer to LANGUAGE (4GL)
specify what must be done and how it is done a programming
Example:
Common Business-Oriented Language that allows the
(COBOL) user to specify
C++
what must be
done without
specifying how
it must be done

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


3GL VS. 4GL SAMPLE CODE
3GL (Generic Code)

DO WHILE NOT EOF()


READ CUSTOMER
IF CUSTOMER.C_ZIP=“36123”
THEN PRINT C_NAME,C_PHONE, C_ZIP;
ENDDO;

4GL (SQL Code)

SELECT C_NAME, C_PHONE, C_ZIP


FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE CUSTOMER.C_ZIP=‘36123’;

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


STRUCTURAL AND DATA
DEPENDENCE
STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCE – ACCESS TO A
FILE IS DEPENDENT ON ITS STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL INDEPENDENCE – EXIST WHEN
IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE CHANGES IN THE
FILE STRUCTURE WITHOUT AFFECTING THE
APPLICATION PROGRAM’S ABILITY TO
ACCESS THE DATA

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


STRUCTURAL AND DATA
DEPENDENCE
D ATA D E P E N D E N C E – A DATA AC C E S S T H AT A R E
S U B J E C T T O C H A N G E W H E N A N Y O F T H E F I L E ’ S DATA
S T O RAG E C H A RAC T E R I S T I C S C H A N G E ( L I K E C H A N G I N G
T H E DATA T Y P E S )
D ATA I N D E P E N D E N C E – E X I S T W H E N I T I S P O S S I B L E T O
M A K E C H A N G E S I N T H E DATA S T O RAG E
C H A RAC T E R I S T I C S W I T H O U T A F F E C T I N G T H E
A P P L I C AT I O N P R O G RA M ’ S A B I L I T Y T O AC C E S S T H E
DATA

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


STRUCTURAL AND DATA
DEPENDENCE

Logical Data Format – it is how


human being view the data
Physical Data Format – it is how
the computer “sees” the data

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


DATABASE SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
refers to an organization of components that
define and regulate the collection, storage,
management and use of data within a database
environment.

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal


FIVE MAJOR PARTS OF
DATABASE SYSTEM:

HARDWARE
refers to all system’s physical devices

SOFTWARE
refers to the intangible part of the database
Operating System – manages all hardware components
and makes it possible for all other software to run on the
computer

DBMS Software – manages the database system

Application Programs and Utility Software – used to


access and manipulate data in DBMS and to manage the
computer environment in which data access and
DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal
manipulation takes place
PEOPLE
it includes all the users of the database system

Five Types of Users:


System Administrator – oversee the database system’s general
Operations
Database Administrator (aka DBA) – manages the DBMS ensure that
the database is functioning properly
Database Designer – designs the database structure
System Analyst and Programmers – designs and implements the
application program
End Users – the people who use the application programs to run the
organization’s daily operation

PROCEDURES
are the instructions and rules that govern the design and
use of the database system

DATA
covers the collection of facts stored in the database

DBSYS | Lecture 2 | KA Secugal

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