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C++ Cheatsheet
Haris Ali Khan

August 18, 2023 6 min read

Basics
Basic syntax and functions from the C++ programming
language.

Boilerplate

##iinncclluuddee

<<iioossttrreeaamm>>

uussiinngg

nnaammeessppaaccee

std;

iinntt mmaaiinn() {

cout << ""WWeellccoommee TToo

CCooddeeWWiitthhHHaarrrryy"";

rreettuurrnn 00 ;
}

cout <<
It prints output on the screen used with
the insertion operator
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Data
types
The data type is the type of data

Character type
Typically a single octet(one byte). It is an
integer type

cchhaarr variable_name;

Integer type
The most natural size of integer for the
machine

iinntt variable_name;

Float type
A single-precision floating-point value

ffllooaatt variable_name;

Double type
A double-precision floating-point value

ddoouubbllee variable_name;

Void type
Represents the absence of the type

vvooiidd

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bbooooll

Escape Sequences
It is a sequence of characters starting with a backslash, and it
doesn't represent itself when used inside string literal.

Alarm or Beep
It produces a beep sound

cout<<"" \\ aa "" ;

Backspace
It adds a backspace

cout<<"" \\ bb "" ;

Form feed

cout<<"" \\ ff "" ;

Newline
Newline Character

cout<<"" \\ nn "" ;

Carriage return

cout<<"" \\ rr "" ;
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Tab
It gives a tab space

cout<<"" \\ tt "" ;

Backslash
It adds a backslash

cout<<"" \\ \\ "" ;

Single quote
It adds a single quotation mark

cout<<"" \\ '' "" ;

Question mark
It adds a question mark

cout<<"" \\ ?? "" ;

Octal No.
It represents the value of an octal number

cout<<"" \\ nn nn nn "" ;

Hexadecimal No.
It represents the value of a hexadecimal
number

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cout<<"" \\ xx hh hh "" ;
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Null
The null character is usually used to terminate a string

cout<<"" \\ 00 "" ;

Comments
A comment is a code that is not executed by the compiler, and the
programmer uses it to keep track of the code.

Single line
comment
//// IItt''ss aa ssiinnggllee

lliinnee ccoommmmeenntt

Multi-line
comment
//**

IItt''ss

aa

mmuullttii

--lliinnee

ccoommmmee

Declaring
nntt

String
**//

//// IInncclluuddee tthhee

Strings
ssttrriinngg lliibbrraarryy

It is##aiinncclluuddee
collection of
characters
<<ssttrriinngg>>
surrounded
append
by double
//// SSttrriinngg
quotes
function
vvaarriiaabbllee
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It is used to concatenate two strings

string firstName = ""HHaarrrryy

""; string lastName =

""BBhhaaii"";

string fullName = firstName.aappppeenndd(lastName);

cout << fullName;

length function
It returns the length of the string

string variable1 =
Accessing
""CCooddeeWWand changing
iitthhHHaarrrryy""; string
characters
cout << "The length ooff tthhee ssttrriinngg

iiss:: variable1
string "" << variable1.l
= ""HHeellelelnlnogogtthh();

WWoorrlldd""; variable1[11] =

''ii'';
cout << variable1;

Maths
C++ provides some built-in math functions that help the
programmer to perform mathematical operations efficiently.

max function
It returns the larger value among the two

cout << mmaaxx(2255, 114400);

min function
It returns the smaller value among the two
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sqrt function
It returns the square root of a supplied number

##iinncclluuddee

<<ccmmaatthh>> cout

<<

ssqqrrtt(114444);

ceil function
It returns the value of
x rounded up to its
nearest integer

ddoouubbllee

a=cceeiill(11..99);

floor function
It returns the value of
x rounded down to
its nearest integer

If ddoouubbllee
a=fflloooorr(11..00
Statement
22);
iiff (condition) {

//// TThhiiss block of ccooddee wwiillll ggeett

pow function
eexxeeccuutteedd,, iiff tthhee ccoonnddiittiioonn iiss
It returns
} the value of
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x to the power of y
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If-else
Statement
iiff (condition) {

//// IIff condition is TTrruuee tthheenn tthhiiss bblloocckk

wwiillll ggeett eexxeeccuutteedd

} eellssee {

//// IIff condition is FFaallssee tthheenn tthhiiss bblloocckk

if else-if
wwiillll ggeett eexxeeccuutteedd

Statement
}

iiff (condition) {

//// SSttaatteemmeennttss;;
}

eellssee iiff (condition){

//// SSttaatteemmeennttss;;
}

eellssee{

//// SSttaatteemmeennttss
}

Ternary Operator
It is shorthand of an if-else statement.

variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

Switch Case Statement

It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of
values (cases).

sswwiittcchh (expression)
{

ccaassee constant-
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ccaassee constant-expression:
statement;

bbrreeaakk;
...

ddeeffaauulltt:
statement;
}

Iterative Statements
Iterative statements facilitate programmers to execute any block of
code lines repeatedly and can be controlled as per conditions added
by the programmer.

while Loop
It iterates the block of code as long as a specified condition is True

wwhhiillee (//** ccoonnddiittiioonn **//)

{

//** ccooddee bblloocckk ttoo bbee eexxeeccuutteedd **//

}

do-while loop
It is an exit controlled loop. It is very similar to the while loop with one
difference, i.e., the body of the do-while loop is executed at least once
even if the condition is False

ddoo
{

//** ccooddee **//

} wwhhiillee (//** ccoonnddiittiioonn **//);

for loop
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It is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program
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ffoorr (int i = 00; i < count; i++)

{

//** ccooddee **//

}

Break Statement
break keyword inside the loop is used to terminate the loop

bbrreeaakk;

Continue Statement
continue keyword skips the rest of the current iteration of the loop and
returns to the starting point of the loop

ccoonnttiinnuuee;

References
Reference is an alias for an already existing variable. Once it is
initialized to a variable, it cannot be changed to refer to another
Creating
variable. So, it's a const pointer.

References
string var1 = ""VVaalluuee11""; //// vvaarr11

vvaarriiaabbllee string &var2 = var1; ////

rreeffeerreennccee ttoo vvaarr11

Pointers
Declaration
Pointer is a variable that holds the memory
address of another variable

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datatype *var_name;

var_name = &variable2;

Functions & Recursion

Functions are used to divide an extensive program into smaller
pieces. It can be called multiple times to provide reusability and
modularity to the C program.

Function Definition

return_type ffuunnccttiioonn nnaammee(data_type parameter...){

////ccooddee ttoo bbee eexxeeccuutteedd

}
Function
Call
ffuunnccttiioonn nn aa mm ee (arguments);

Recursion
Recursion is when a function calls a copy of itself to work on a
minor problem. And the function that calls itself is known as the
Recursive function.

vvooiidd rreeccuurrssee()
{
... .. ...

rreeccuurrssee();
... .. ...
}

Object-Oriented Programming
It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using
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objects and classes. The objects can be any real-world entities.

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clas
s
ccllaassss CCllaassss

nnaammee {

ppuubblliicc: ////

AAcccceessss

ssppeecciiffiieerr

//// ffiieellddss

object
//// ffuunnccttiioonnss

//// bblloocckkss
};
Class_name ObjectName;

Constructors
It is a special method that is called automatically as soon as
the object is created.

ccllaassss ccllaassssNNaammee

{ //// TThhee ccllaassss

ppuubblliicc: //// AAcccceessss

ssppeecciiffiieerr

ccllaassssNNaammee() { ////

CCoonnssttrruuccttoorr cout <<

""CCooddee WWiitthh

HHaarrrryy"";
}
};

iinntt mmaaiinn()

{ className
obj_name;
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rreettuurrnn 00 ;
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##iinncclluuddee<<iio

ossttrreeaamm>>

uussiinngg

nnaammeessppaaccee

std; ccllaassss

EExxaammpplleeEEnncca

app{ pprriivvaattee:

//** SSiinnccee wwee

hhaavvee mmaarrkkeedd

tthheessee ddaattaa

mmeemmbbeerrss

pprriivvaattee,,

** aannyy

eennttiittyy

oouuttssiiddee

tthhiiss ccllaassss

ccaannnnoott

aacccceessss

Creating
tthheesseeand writing to a text

file** ddaattaa
mmeemmbbeerrss
##iinncclluuddee
ddiirreeccttllyy,,
<<iioossttrreeaamm>>
tthheeyy hhaavvee
#t
t #o
ioinn
ucuc
slsl
eueuddee

<g
g fe
<e st
ft tt
st re
te er
rr am
eaa am
n>n>
dd

** sseetttteerr
uussiinngg
ffuunnccttiioonnss..
nnaammeessppaaccee
**//
std;
iinntt

num;
iinntt mmaaiinn() {
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/c
c /h
/h /aa
CrCr
rreeaattee aanndd ooppeenn
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MyFile.cc ll oo ss ee ();
}

Reading the file

It allows us to read the file line by line

ggeettlliinnee()

Opening a File
It opens a file in the C++ program

vvooiidd ooppeenn(const cchhaarr* file_name,ios::openmode

mode);

in
Opens the file to read(default for ifstream)

fs.open (""tteesstt..ttxxtt"", std::fstream::in)

out
Opens the file to write(default for ofstream)

fs.open (""tteesstt..ttxxtt"", std::fstream::out)

binary
Opens the file in binary mode

fs.open (""tteesstt..ttxxtt"", std::fstream::binary)

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fs.open (""tteesstt..ttxxtt"", std::fstream::app)

ate
Opens the file and moves the control to the end of
the file

fs.open (""tteesstt..ttxxtt"", std::fstream::ate)

trunc
</> CodeWithHarry Logi
MenuRemoves the data in the existing file n

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::trunc)

nocreate
Opens the file only if it already exists

fs.open (""tteesstt..ttxxtt"", std::fstream::nocreate)

noreplace
Opens the file only if it does not already exist

fs.open (""tteesstt..ttxxtt"", std::fstream::noreplace)

Closing a file
It closes the file

myfile.cc ll oo ss ee ()

Exception Handling

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An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in

the flow of the program.

try and catch block

A basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error,
the control goes to the except block

ttrryy {

//// ccooddee ttoo ttrryy

tthhrrooww exception; // IIff aa pprroobblleemm aarriisseess,,

tthheenn tthhrrooww aann eexxcceeppttii

}

ccaattcchh () {

//// BBlloocckk ooff ccooddee ttoo hhaannddllee eerrrroorrss

}

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talhaaziz2656 2025-02-13
Cheat sheet is not
downloading....

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pchahar865_gm 2025-02-09
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Thanks Harry sir

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adyuttrakhand345_gm 2025-01-20
Thank harry bhai

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sanilhinge_gm 2024-12-15
Cheatsheet Path :-
https://github.com/ayeujjawalsingh/Cheat-
Sheet/blob/master/C%2B%2B%20Cheatsheet%20-
%20CodeWithHarry.pdf

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yadavjagdeesh940_gm 2024-12-10
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Thanks Harry bhaiya ❤
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Hello Harry Sir, This file has downloading issue.

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Thank you sir

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ccodewithheet_gm 2024-10-28
Thankyou So Much Harry Bhai.

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wajdangujjar000_gm 2024-10-13
Those who are facing issue in downloading then the solution is
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Thank you

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ksemalaboys_gm 2024-09-15
Download nahi ho Raha hai
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08-23
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PM
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kar saku.
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