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Unit 2 3grounding

The document provides an overview of data acquisition hardware, focusing on grounding issues, types of signal sources, and measurement systems. It explains the differences between grounded and floating signal sources, as well as common-mode and differential measurement systems. Additionally, it highlights the role and advantages of instrumentation amplifiers in measuring floating signal sources.

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12 views13 pages

Unit 2 3grounding

The document provides an overview of data acquisition hardware, focusing on grounding issues, types of signal sources, and measurement systems. It explains the differences between grounded and floating signal sources, as well as common-mode and differential measurement systems. Additionally, it highlights the role and advantages of instrumentation amplifiers in measuring floating signal sources.

Uploaded by

shuklakrishna745
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTITUTE:- UIE

DEPARTMENT:-MECHATRONICS
ENGINEERING
SENSORS, TRANSDUCERS AND DATA ACQUISTION, MTT-
202
TOPIC: DATA ACQUISITION HARDWARE OVERVIEW
By Dr. Balaka Biswas (Associate Professor)

CHAPTER-3 DATA ACQUISITION DISCOVER . LEARN .


HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE EMPOWER
Grounding Issues

To produce accurate and noise-free measurements, knowledge of the nature


of the signal source, a suitable configuration of the DAQ device, and an appropriate cabling
scheme might be required. The following illustration shows a typical data acquisition system.
The integrity of the acquired data depends on the entire analog signal path.

Types of Signal Source

Grounded Signal Source Floating Signal Source


2
Grounded Signal Sources
A grounded source is one in which the voltage signals are referenced to a
system ground, such as the earth or a building ground, as shown in the
following illustration.
Because such sources use the system ground, they
share a common ground with the measurement device.
The most common examples of grounded
sources are devices that plug into a building ground
through wall outlets, such as signal generators and
power supplies.

The grounds of two independently grounded signal sources


generally are not at the same potential. The difference in
ground potential between two instruments connected to
the same building ground system is typically 10 mV to 200 mV.
The difference can be higher if power distribution circuits are
not properly connected. This causes a phenomenon known
as a ground loop.

3
Floating Signal Sources

In a floating signal source, the voltage signal is not referenced to any


common ground, such as the earth or a building ground, as shown in the
following illustration.
Some common examples of floating signal sources
are batteries, thermocouples, transformers,
and isolation amplifiers. Notice in the
illustration of the floating signal source that neither
terminal of the source is
connected to the electrical outlet ground as in the
previous illustration of a grounded signal source.
Each terminal is independent of the system
ground.

4
Types of Measurement Systems

You configure a measurement system based on the hardware you use and
the measurement you take. Common-Mode Measurement System
Differential Measurement System A common-mode voltage is any
Differential measurement systems are similar voltage you measure with
to floating signal sources in that you make respect to the instrumentation
the measurement with respect to a floating amplifier ground present at both
ground that is different from the amplifier inputs.
An ideal differential measurement
measurement system ground. Neither of the system completely rejects, or
inputs of a differential measurement system does not
are tied to a fixed reference, such as the measure, common-mode voltage.
earth or a building ground. Handheld, Rejecting common-mode voltage
battery-powered instruments and DAQ is
devices with instrumentation amplifiers useful because unwanted noise
are examples of differential measurement often is introduced as common-
systems. An ideal differential measurement mode
system responds only to the potential voltage in the circuit that makes
difference between its two terminals—the up the cabling system of a
positive (+) and negative (–) measurement
inputs. system.
5
Common-Mode Voltage
Vcm = (V+ + V–) / 2
The common-mode voltage range limits the allowable voltage range
on
each input
where withvoltage
V+ is the respectattothe
thenoninverting
measurement systemofground.
terminal the
measurement
system with respect to the measurement system ground, and V– is the
voltage at the inverting terminal of the measurement system with
respect to Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
the measurement system ground.
CMRR measures the ability of a differential measurement system to
reject
the common-mode
The higher the CMRR, voltage signal.
the better the amplifier can extract differential
signals in the presence of common-mode noise.

Using a balanced circuit


can optimize the CMRR.
Most DAQ devices specify
the CMRR up to the power
line frequency, which is
60 Hz. The following
equation defines CMRR in
decibels (dB):
=20 log Vd/Vcm

7
Referenced and Non-Referenced Single-Ended
Measurement SystemsReferenced
Referenced and non-referenced single-ended measurement systems
are
similar to grounded sources in that you make the measurement with
respect
to a ground. A referenced single-ended measurement system measures
voltage with respect to the ground, AIGND, (analog input ground)
which is directly connected to the measurement system ground.

8
DAQ devices often use a non-referenced single-ended (NRSE) measurement technique,
or pseudo differential measurement, which is a variant of the referenced single-ended
measurement technique. The following illustration shows a NRSE system.

9
Find the role of Instrumentation amplifier
in measuring floating signal sources.

• Instrumentation Amplifier: For applications where


measurement of a physical quantity is involved, the
Instrumentation Amplifier is recommended. An
instrumentation amplifier is usually employed to
amplify low-level signals, rejecting noise and
interference signals.

1) High CMRR
2) High Gain
3) High input Impedance
4) High Accuracy

10
Nearly any sensor can benefit from an instrumentation amplifier design, thermocouples,
photodiodes, thermistors, even a regular silicon diode can be used as a simple
temperature sensor by placing it into a bridge circuit feeding an instrumentation amp.

Vout = (R3/R2)(Vo1-Vo2)
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• Advantages of Instrumentation Amplifier
• The advantages of the instrumentation amplifier include
the following.
• The gain of a three op-amp instrumentation amplifier circuit
can be easily varied by adjusting the value of only one
resistor Rgain.
• The gain of the amplifier depends only on the external
resistors used.
• The input impedance is very high due to the emitter follower
configurations of amplifiers 1 and 2
• The output impedance of the instrumentation amplifier is
very low due to the difference amplifier3.
• The CMRR of the op-amp 3 is very high and almost all of the
common mode signal will be rejected.
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