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Lecture 02

The document provides an overview of graphics systems, detailing various types of video display devices including CRTs, flat-panel displays, and three-dimensional viewing devices. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each display technology, as well as the components and functionalities of graphics hardware and software. The content emphasizes the evolution and capabilities of graphics systems in the context of computer graphics advancements.

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Muhammad Danish
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6 views30 pages

Lecture 02

The document provides an overview of graphics systems, detailing various types of video display devices including CRTs, flat-panel displays, and three-dimensional viewing devices. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each display technology, as well as the components and functionalities of graphics hardware and software. The content emphasizes the evolution and capabilities of graphics systems in the context of computer graphics advancements.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Danish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Graphics

Lecture 02
Graphics Systems
Introduction to Graphics Systems

With the massive development in the field of computer


graphics a broad range of graphics hardware and software
systems are available.

With personal computers… usage of variety of interactive


input devices and graphics software packages

Higher-quality applications… usage of special-purpose


graphics hardware systems and technologies
Graphics Systems

 VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES


 RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS
 RANDOM-SCAN SYSTEMS
 GRAPHICS MONITORS AND WORKSTATIONS
 INPUT DEVICES
 HARD-COPY DEVICES
 GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
Video Display Devices

 Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes


 Raster-Scan Displays
 Random-Scan Displays
 Color CRT Monitors
 Direct-View Storage Tubes
 Flat-Panel Displays
 Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes

Refresh CRT
 Control Grid
 Focusing System
 Focusing in High Precision System
 Construction of Cathode-Ray
Tubes
 Persistence
 Resolution
 Aspect Ratio
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes Cont..
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Raster-Scan Displays

 Refresh Buffer or Frame Buffer


 Pixel
 Bitmap vs. Pixmap
 Horizontal Retrace & Vertical Retrace
 Interlaced vs. Non-interlaced Display
Random-Scan Displays

 Vector Display
 Refresh Display File
 Random-Scan vs. Raster-Scan
Color CRT Monitors

 Beam Penetration Method


 Shadow Mask Method
CRT Displays
Advantages Disadvantages
 Fast response (high  Large and heavy (typ.
resolution possible) 70x70 cm, 15 kg)
 Full colour (large  High power consumption
modulation depth of E- (typ. 140W)
beam)  Harmful DC and AC
 Saturated and natural electric and magnetic
colours fields
 Inexpensive, matured  Flickering at 50-80 Hz (no
technology memory effect)
 Wide angle, high contrast  Geometrical errors at
and brightness edges
Direct View Storage Devices

 Primary Gun
 Flood Gun
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Flat-Panel Displays
 Properties
Volume, Weight, Power

 Emissive Display
Plasma Panels

 Non-Emissive Display
Liquid Crystal Display
Plasma-panel Displays

 Similar in principle to
fluorescent light tubes
 Small gas-filled capsules are
excited by electric field, emits
UV light
 UV excites phosphor
 Phosphor relaxes, emits some
other color
Plasma-panel Displays

 Two glass plates separated


by neon gas
 Vertical and horizontal
conductors
 No refreshing
 Screens can be transparent
and overlay documents
 Used to be available in
monochrome (Orange)
 Now available in colour
Plasma-panel Displays

Advantages

–Large viewing angle


–Good for large-format displays
–Fairly bright
Disadvantages

–Expensive
–Large pixels (~1 mm versus ~0.2 mm)
–Phosphors gradually deplete
–Less bright than CRTs, using more power
Liquid Crystal Displays
 Liquid Crystal Display
 A transmissive technology
 Works by letting varying
amounts of a fixed-intensity
white backlight through an
active filter
 Organic crystals that align
themselves together
 When external force is
applied they realign
themselves
 This is used to change
polarisation and filter light
Liquid Crystal Displays
Liquid Crystal Displays
 Transmissive & reflective LCDs:
– LCDs act as light valves, not light emitters, and
thus rely on an external light source.
– Laptop screen: backlit, transmissive display
– Palm Pilot/Game Boy: reflective display
Liquid Crystal Displays

Advantages
 Small footprint (approx 1/6 of CRT)
 Light weight (typ. 1/5 of CRT)
 Low power consumption (typ. 1/4 of CRT)
 Completely flat screen - no geometrical errors
 Crisp pictures - digital and uniform colours
 No electromagnetic emission
 Fully digital signal processing possible
 Large screens (>20 inch) on desktops
Liquid Crystal Displays

Disadvantages
 High price (presently 3x CRT)
 Poor viewing angle (type. +/- 50 degrees)
 Low contrast and luminance (type. 1:100)
 Low luminance (Natural light) (type. 200 cd/m2)
Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices

Vibrating flexible mirror


Stereoscopic and virtual
-reality systems
-shutter glasses (with tracking)
-headset with tracking
-other VR devices
Holograms
NC-mills + soft material
Stereo-lithographic apparatus
(SLA)
Virtual Reality Devices

Virtual reality = stimulation of the human senses to


simulate a fictive environment
eyes: private eye, head mounted displays (hmd)
ears: headphones, loudspeakers in hmd
tactile sense: data glove, data suit, treadmill
Head Mounted Display
•2 small screens display
•images for both eyes:
•high immersion degree
•head movement controls
•virtual camera
•artificial image only
•low resolution (e.g. 256 x 210)
•very expensive
•narrow view-angle
Light Weight HMD
ultrasound tracking device used with stereoscopic glasses to
track head position
Interactive Walkthrough
Data Glove

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