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Unit 2

The document discusses image enhancement techniques in both spatial and frequency domains, focusing on gray level transformations, histogram processing, and filtering methods. It highlights the subjective nature of image quality evaluation for human perception versus the objective criteria for machine recognition. Various methods such as contrast stretching, thresholding, and mask processing are explored, along with basic gray-level transformation functions including linear, logarithmic, and power-law transformations.

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10 views24 pages

Unit 2

The document discusses image enhancement techniques in both spatial and frequency domains, focusing on gray level transformations, histogram processing, and filtering methods. It highlights the subjective nature of image quality evaluation for human perception versus the objective criteria for machine recognition. Various methods such as contrast stretching, thresholding, and mask processing are explored, along with basic gray-level transformation functions including linear, logarithmic, and power-law transformations.

Uploaded by

vishalrede48
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Spatial Domain: Gray level Transformations – Histogram processing –
Spatial filtering, smoothing and sharpening.
Frequency Domain: Filtering in frequency domain – DFT – Smoothing
and sharpening filters.
Principle Objective of Enhancement

• Process an image so that the result will be more suitable than the
original image for a specific application.

• The suitableness is up to each application.

• A method which is quite useful for enhancing an image may not


necessarily be the best approach for enhancing another images
Examples
Contrast enh
Edge enh
Noise filtering
Sharping and magnifing
2 domains

• Spatial Domain : (image plane)


• Techniques are based on direct manipulation of pixels in an
image

• Frequency Domain :
• Techniques are based on modifying the Fourier transform of
an image

• There are some enhancement techniques based on various


combinations of methods from these two categories.
Good images
• For human visual
• The visual evaluation of image quality is a highly
subjective process.
• It is hard to standardize the definition of a good image.

• For machine perception


• The evaluation task is easier.
• A good image is one which gives the best machine
recognition results.
• A certain amount of trial and error usually is required
before a particular image enhancement approach is
selected.
Spatial Domain
• Procedures that operate directly on pixels.

g(x,y) = T[f(x,y)]

where

• f(x,y) is the input image


• g(x,y) is the processed image
• T is an operator on f defined over some neighborhood of
(x,y)
Mask/Filter/kernel/template/windows

• Neighborhood of a point (x,y) can be defined by using a


square/rectangular (common used) or circular subimage
area centered at (x,y)

• The center of the subimage is moved from pixel to pixel


starting at the top of the corner (x,y)
Grey level transformation function
Point Processing
• Neighborhood = 1x1 pixel

• g depends on only the value of f at (x,y)

• T = gray level (or intensity or mapping)


transformation function s = T(r)
• Where
• r = gray level of f(x,y)
• s = gray level of g(x,y)
Contrast Stretching
Thresholding
Mask Processing or Filtering
Contrast Stretching
• Produce higher contrast than the original by
• darkening the levels below m in the original image
• Brightening the levels above m in the original image
Thresholding
• Produce a two-level (binary) image
Mask Processing or Filter
• Neighborhood is bigger than 1x1 pixel
• Use a function of the values of f in a predefined
neighborhood of (x,y) to determine the value of g at (x,y)
• The value of the mask coefficients determine the nature of
the process
• Used in techniques
• Image Sharpening
• Image Smoothing
3 basic gray-level transformation functions

• Linear function
• Negative and identity transformations

• Logarithm function
• Log and inverse-log transformation

• Power-law function
• nth power and nth root transformations
Linear transf
Negative transformations
Reverses the intensity level of image and produce imag negative.
Equivalent to photographic image
Nega trasnf given by
s=L-1-r
Log transf
a narrow range of low gray level value in the input image into wider range of
output levels
A wide range of high grey level valus into narrow range of output level
S=c log (1+r)
C is constant, Log fun compresses the dynamic range of images which are
having large variations in pixel values.
Appln
used in spreading/ compressing the grey levels in the image.
Pow law transf
Gamma>1 , nth power
<1, nth root
Piece wise linear transformations
1. Contrast stretching
2. Grey level slicing
3. Bit plane slicing
Grey level slicing
Bit plane slicing

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