Scribd
Upload
12 views31 pages

Unitunknow

The document provides an overview of cellular mobile systems, highlighting the objectives, limitations, and concepts such as frequency reuse and cell splitting. It discusses the importance of capacity increase through various strategies like fixed and dynamic channel assignments, as well as handoff types and their implications on service quality. Additionally, it explains the significance of minimizing interference and optimizing channel utilization in cellular networks.

Uploaded by

Bhaskarani Pradeep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views31 pages

Unitunknow

The document provides an overview of cellular mobile systems, highlighting the objectives, limitations, and concepts such as frequency reuse and cell splitting. It discusses the importance of capacity increase through various strategies like fixed and dynamic channel assignments, as well as handoff types and their implications on service quality. Additionally, it explains the significance of minimizing interference and optimizing channel utilization in cellular networks.

Uploaded by

Bhaskarani Pradeep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Introduction to cellular

mobile system

Prepared by: RUCHA PATEL


Objective of early mobile system
•Achieve large coverage area
•High power transmitter

Limitations:
•Impossible to reuse the same frequencies
•Could not make spectrum allocations
Introduction to Mobile Systems
Cellular System Concept
Cellular concept
• Solving problem of spectral congestion
• And user capacity
• Offers high capacity
• Many low power transmitters
• Interference between base stations are
minimized
• Demand for service increases, the no. of base
st. may be increased, implying additional radio
capacity
Frequency reuse
• A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system.
• Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio
channels to be used within small geographic area called a cell.
• Same group of channels may be used to cover different cells
that are separated from one another by distances large
enough to keep interference level in limits.
• The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups
for all of the cellular base stations within the system is
called frequency reuse or frequency planning.
Cell Footprint
– Coverage contour should be circular. However it is
impractical because it provides ambiguous areas
with either multiple or no coverage.
– Due to economic reasons, the hexagon has been
chosen due to its maximum area coverage.
– Hence, a conventional cellular layout is often
defined by a uniform grid of regular hexagons.
Cell Footprint
• Omni directional antenna: base station tr. At the centre of cell

• Sectored antenna: B.S. on three of the six cell vertices

Consider a cellular system which has


• S duplex channels available for use
• Each cell has Group of k channels (k<S)
• N cells
• Total no. of available radio channels as:
S=kN
• If cluster is replicated M times,
Total no. of duplex channels, C, can be used as a
measure of capacity and given by
C=MkN = MS
• Capacity of a cellular system is directly
proportional to the no. of times a cluster is
replicated in a fixed service area.
• Factor N is called cluster size.
• Large cluster size indicates the ratio between
cell radius and distance between co-channel
cells is small and vice-versa.
• N: is a function of how much interference a
mobile or B.S. can tolerate while maintaining
sufficient quality of communications.
• Frequency reuse factor of cellular system is
given by 1/N, since each cell within a cluster is
only assigned 1/N of total available channels.
Frequency reuse factor
• Can also verify that

where Q is the co-channel reuse ratio


• To find co-channel neighbors of a particular
cell in a cellular system
N= i^2 + ij + j^2
I,j are non-negative nos.
(1) Move I cells along any chain of hexagon
(2) turn 60 degree counter-clockwise and move j
cells.
A

i
A

i=1, j=2 , N=1+2+4=7 A

A
• Reuse distance calculation:
closest distance D between the centers of two
cells using the same frequency is given by

D= sqrt(3N) * R
System Expansion Techniques
• As demand for wireless services increases, the number of
channels assigned to a cell eventually becomes
insufficient to support the required number of users.
More channels must therefore be made available per
unit area.
– This can be accomplished by dividing each initial cell area into a
number of smaller cells, a technique known as cell-splitting.
– It can also be accomplished by having more channels per cell,
i.e. by having a smaller reuse factor. However, to have a smaller
reuse factor, the co-channel interference must be reduced. This
can be done by using antenna sectorization.
System Expansion Techniques--Cell splitting

• Cell splitting increases the number of BSs in order to


increase capacity. There will be a corresponding
reduction in antenna height and transmitter power.
• Cell splitting accommodates a modular growth capability.
This in turn leads to capacity increase essentially via a
system re-scaling of the cellular geometry without any
changes in frequency planning.
• Small cells lead to more cells/area which in turn leads to
increased traffic capacity.
System Expansion Techniques--Cell splitting
Channel assignment strategies:
The objective of increasing capacity & minimizing interference

• Fixed channel assignment:


 Each cell is allocated Predetermined set of voice channels
 Call blocked
 Borrowing strategy

• Dynamic channel assignment


 Voice channels not allocated to each cell permanently
 Requires the MSC to collect real-time data on channel
occupancy, traffic distribution and RSSI of all channels on
continuous basis.
 Allocating channels on demand
 Increases storage and computational load on system
 Advantage of increased channel utilization and
decreased probability of blocked call
Handoff strategies
- Processing handoff
• Dwell time: The time over which the call is
maintained within a cell, without handoff is called as
dwell time.
• Handoff decision:
 NCHO( network control handoff)
 MCHO (mobile control handoff)
 MAHO ( mobile assisted handoff)
• Intersystem handoff: during the course of a call, if
a mobile moves from one cellular system to a
different cellular system controlled by different MSC.

• Compatibility between two MSCs must be


determined .
To improve quality of services, various methods
• Prioritizing handoffs:
-guard channel concept
- when dynamic channel strategy is used, it
minimize the no. of guard channels
• Queuing of handoff:
- Decrease the probability of forced termination of call
due lack of available channels
- Possible due to presence of finite time interval
between the time the received signals drops below
the handoff threshold and the time the call is
terminated due to insufficient signal level.
Practical handoff considerations:
• For minimizing handoff intervention from MSC.
• Umbrella approach

• Cell dragging: results from the pedestrian users


Types of Handoffs
• Hard handoff: “break before make” connection
– Intra and inter-cell handoffs

Hard Handoff between the MS and BSs


Types of Handoffs
• Soft handoff: “make-before-break” connection.
• Mobile directed handoff.
– Multiways and softer handoffs

Soft Handoff between MS and BSTs


In types of handoff, there is “break before make” i.e. hard handoff
& “make before break” that is soft handoff. So, which one
of the two type is better and under which circumstances for
each scenario?
If possible, explain with example.

• Soft handoff is advantageous over hard handoff because the


mobile does not lose contact with the system during handoff
execution, also unnecessary call terminations doesn’t occur.
No one likes unnecessary call terminations.
Hard handoff is advantageous when system performance is
not effected even if the mobile system has to reconnect to the
BST.

You might also like