Sampling Methods

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 SAMPLING METHODS

8-2 .
Learning Objectives
LO8-1 Explain why populations are sampled
and describe four methods to sample a
population
LO8-2 Define sampling error
LO8-3 Demonstrate the construction of a
sampling distribution of the sample mean
LO8-4 Recite the central limit theorem and
define the mean and standard error of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean
LO8-5 Apply the central limit theorem to
calculate probabilities
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Reasons for Sampling a Population
 The results of a sample may adequately
estimate the value of the population
parameter, saving time and money
 It may be too time-consuming to contact all
members of the population
 It may be impossible to check or locate all the
members of the population
 The cost of studying all the items in the
population may be prohibitive
 Often testing destroys the sampled item and it
cannot be returned to the population

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Probability Sampling Methods
 In a simple random sample, all members of
the population have the same chance of being
selected for the sample
 In a systematic sample, a random starting
point is selected, and then every kth item
thereafter is selected for the sample
 In a stratified sample, the population is
divided into several groups, called strata, and
then a random sample is selected from each
stratum
 In clustered sampling, the population is
divided into primary units, then samples are
drawn from
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Simple Random Sampling
 The most widely used method of sampling is a
simple random sample
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE A sample selected so that each
item or person in the population has the same chance of
being selected.
 Example
 There were 750 Major League Baseball players
at the end of the 2016 season. A committee of
10 players is to be formed to study the issue
of concussions. To make sure every player has
an equal chance of being selected, write each
name on a piece of paper, place the names in
a box and mix them up, then draw 10 names.
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Using a Table of Random Numbers
Suppose the population of interest is the 750 Major League
Baseball players on the active rosters of the 30 teams at
the end of the 2016 season. A committee of 10 players is to
be formed to study the issue of concussions. To make sure
every player has an equal chance of being selected, use a
table of random numbers.
1. Prepare of list of all the players and number them 1
through 750
2. Randomly pick a starting place in the random number
table
3. Select 10 three-digit numbers between 1 and 750

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Systematic Random Sampling
 If you do not have a list of the entire
population to begin with, you can use the
systematic random sample
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLE A random starting point is
selected, and then every kth member of the population is
selected.

 Example
 Stood’s Grocery Store wants to study the length of
time customers spend in their store
 Randomly select the days of the week, the times,
and the starting point of the study, then
systematically select the customers and measure
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Stratified Random Sampling
 When the population can be divided into
groups based on some characteristic, use
stratified
STRATIFIEDrandom sampling
RANDOM SAMPLE A population is divided into
subgroups, called strata, and a sample is randomly
selected from each stratum.

 Example
 A study of 50 of the 352 largest US firms’ ad
spending
 Begin by identifying the strata, then use
random sampling within each group based on
relative frequencies to collect the sample
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Cluster Sampling
 Cluster sampling is a common type of sampling, used to
reduce the cost of sampling over large geographic areas

CLUSTER SAMPLING A population is divided into clusters

using naturally occurring geographic or other boundaries.
Then clusters are randomly selected and a sample is
collected by randomly selecting from each cluster.

 Example
 Suppose we wish to sample residents

of the 12 counties in the greater Chicago

area about government policy. Randomly
select 3 counties and then select a
random sample of the residents
in each of the 3 counties.
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Sampling Error
 It is unlikely the mean of a sample will be exactly
equal to the mean of the population

SAMPLING ERROR The difference between a sample

statistic and its corresponding population parameter.

 Example
 The Foxtrot Inn’s number of rooms rented in June. The
mean number of rooms rented, is 3.13
 Taking three random samples

of size 5, we find sample means,

, of 3.80, 3.40 and 1.80. The sampling
error is the difference between
each
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Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Mean
 How can we determine how accurate the
sample mean is?
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN A
probability distribution of all possible sample means of a
given sample size.
 For a given sample size, the mean of all
possible sample means selected from a
population is equal to the population mean
 There is less variation in the distribution of the
sample mean than in the population
distribution
 The sampling distribution of the sample mean
tends to become bell-shaped
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Sampling Distribution Example
Tartus Industries has seven production employees (the
population). The hourly earnings of each employee is
given in the table.
1. What is the population mean?
2. What is the sampling distribution of the sample
mean for samples of size 2?
3. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?
4. What observations can be made about the
population and the sampling distribution?
Employe Hourly Employe Hourly
e Earnings e Earnings
Joe $1 Jan 14
4
Sa 14 Art 16
m

8-13
Sue
Copyright
16 Ted
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18
eserved.
Bob 16
Sampling Distribution Example
Tartus Industries has seven production employees (the
population). The hourly earnings of each employee is
given in the table.
1. What is the population mean?
= $15.43

Employe Hourly Employe Hourly

e Earnings e Earnings
Joe $1 Jan 14
4
Sa 14 Art 16
m
Sue 16 Ted 18
Bob 16
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 Sampling Distribution Example
2. What is the sampling distribution of the sample
mean for samples of size 2?
Hourly Hourly
Sample Employees Earnings Sum Mean Sample Employees Earnings Sum Mean
Joe, $2 $1 Sue, 16,1
1 $14,$14 12 32 16
Sam 8 4 Bob 6
16,1
2 Joe, Sue 14,16 30 15 13 Sue, Jan 30 15
4
16,1
3 Joe, Bob 14,16 30 15 14 Sue, Art 32 16
6
Sue, 16,1
4 Joe, Jan 14,14 28 14 15 34 17
Ted 8
16,1
5 Joe, Art 14,16 30 15 16 Bob, Jan 30 15
4
16,1
6 Joe, Ted 14,18 32 16 17 Bob, Art 32 16
6
Sam, Bob, 16,1
7 14,16 30 15 18 34 17
Sue Ted 8
Sam, 14,1
8 14,16 30 15 19 Jan, Art 30 15
Bob 6
Sam, 14,1
9 14,14 28 14 20 Jan, Ted 32 16
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Sam, 16,1
Sampling Distribution Example
Tartus Industries has seven production employees (the
population).
3. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?

Sample Number of Probability

Mean Means
$1 .142
3
4 9
.428
15 9
5
.285
16 6
7
.142
17 3
9
2 1.00
1 00
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Sampling Distribution Example
4. What observations can be made about the
population and the sampling distribution?
 The mean of the distribution of the sample
mean ($15.43) is equal to the mean of the
population, =
 The spread in the distribution of the sample
mean is less than the spread in the population
values
 The shapes of the population and sample
distributions are different

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