Machine Design I

ME-214

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Course Outline

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Course Outlines

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Weighting of Assessment
Final Exam 50
Mid Term Exam 20
Quiz/Assignment 30
Total Marks 100

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 Machine Design

What is Machine Design?

Creation of new and better machines AND

Improving existing ones

So that it is economical in the cost of production

and operation.

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Machine/device/Product
Functional

Marketable Safe

Machine/
device/
Manufactura Product
Reliable
ble

Usable Competitive

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 Design
Involve all the discipline of mechanical engineering.

• Fluid flow,
• Heat transfer,
• Friction,
• Energy transport,
• Material selection,
• Statistical descriptions,
• ………., etc.

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Machine/device/Product

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 Design Process
• Identify Customer Requirements.
• Define functions of the device.
• State design requirements.
• Define evaluation criteria.
• Propose several alternative design concepts.
• Evaluate each proposed alternative.
• Rate each alternative against each evaluation
criteria.
• Select the optimum design concept.
• Complete detailed design of the selected concept.
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 The Engineering Design Process:
(Core of Engineering)
• Problem Identification: Get with Customer.
• Conceptual Design: Ideas, Sketches and Solution Lists.
• Refinement: Computer Modeling, Data Base Development.
• Testing: Analysis and Simulation of All Design Aspects.
• Prototyping: Visualizing and Improving the Design.
• Communication: Engineering Drawings, Specifications.
• Production: Final Design, Manufacturing, Distribution.

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 Machine Design
How a design is born
Market
survey

Aesthetic
marketability
Ease of
Requirement handling

Safety
Availability of
Creation FUNDS
Economical
Model Available
(Rough idea) material Recyclability

Manufacturing
resources
Material/s
Analysis Force/stress Sizes
used
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What is the basic knowledge required for Machine Design?

••Mathematics
Mathematics
• Mechanics of Machines
••Engineering
EngineeringMechanics
Mechanics • Mechanics of Materials
• Fluid Mechanics & Thermodynamics
••Strength
Strengthof
ofMaterials
Materials

••Workshop
WorkshopProcesses
Processes

••Engineering
EngineeringDrawing
Drawing

• Computing

• Finite Element Analysis, Computational Fluid Dynamics etc

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Important considerations in Machine Design

1. Type of LOAD and STRESSes caused by the load

• Dead loads • Stress and strain

• Live loads (Tensile, compressive, shear)

Steady loads • Thermal stresses

Variable
• Torsional stresses
loads
• Shock loads • Bending stress
(suddenly)
• Impact loads (applied
with some velocity)

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Important considerations in Machine Design…..

2. KINEMATICS of the machine (Motion of the parts)

Find the simplest arrangement that would give the most efficient motion
that is required.

3. Selection of MATERIALs

Knowledge of the properties of the materials and their behaviour under

working conditions is required.

Strength, hardness, durability, flexibility, weight, resistance to heat and

corrosion, electrical conductivity, machinability, etc.

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Important considerations in Machine Design…..
3. Selection of MATERIALs

Metal Non-metal

Ferrous Non-ferrous

Physical properties: Density, Melting point, Elec/thermal properties

Mechanical properties:
• STRENGTH – resist externally applied loads without breaking
or yielding
• STIFFNESS – resist deformation under stress
• ELASTICITY – regain original shape once the force is removed
• PLASTICITY – property which retains deformation (required for
forging etc)
• DUCTILITY – ability to be drawn into a wire by a tensile force
• BRITTLENESS – sudden breaking with minimum distortion
• TOUGHNESS – resist fracture due to high impact load
• CREEP – deformation under stress and high temperature
• FATIGUE – ability to withstand cyclic stresses
• HARDNESS – resistance to wear, scratching, deformation, machinability etc
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Important considerations in Machine Design…..

4. Form and size of the parts

Use I-beam or Angle-iron?

The size will be determined by the forces/torques applied (stresses on the

object) and the material used such that failure (fracture or deformation)
would not occur

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 General procedure in Machine Design…..

Need or aim Recognize and specify the problem

Synthesis Select the mechanism that would give the desired

motion and form the basic model with a sketch etc

Analysis of the FORCES

Material selection

Determine the stresses and thereby the sizes of

Design of elements
components s.t. failure or deformation does not
occur
Modification Modify sizes to ease construction & reduce overall cost

Detailed drawing Production 17

 Design Skills Required

• Technical Drawing
• Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
• Manufacturing Processes
• Statics, Dynamics, and Strengths of Materials
• Kinematics and Mechanisms
• Verbal and Written Communication

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 Computer Aided Engineering
• (CAE)
Any use of the computer and software to aid in the
engineering process
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Drafting, 3-D solid modeling, etc.
• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
CNC tool path, rapid prototyping, etc.
• Engineering analysis and simulation
Finite element, fluid flow, dynamic analysis, motion,
etc.
• Math solvers
Spreadsheet, procedural programming language,
equation solver, etc. 19
 Acquiring Technical Information
• Libraries
Engineering handbooks, textbooks, journals, patents.
• Government sources
Government agencies, U.S. Patent and Trademark,
National Institute for Standards and Technology, etc.
• Professional Societies (conferences, publications, etc.)
ASME, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Society of
Automotive Engineers, etc.
• Commercial vendors
Catalogs, technical literature, test data, etc.
• Internet
Access to much of the above information 20
 Design Presentation
• Develop a specification set that communicates
effectively all manufacturing information, safety
information, usage information, etc.
• Specifications sets include:
– CAD Models
– Drawings (Assembly, Detail, Stress Reports)
– Bills-of-Material
– Instructions:
• Manufacturing
• Assembly
• Maintenance
• Usage 21
 The Engineering Method
• Recognize and understand the problem
• Accumulate data and verify accuracy
• Select the appropriate theory or principle
• Make necessary assumptions
• Solve the problem
• Verify and check results

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 Problem Presentation
• Problem Statement
• Diagram
• Theory
• Assumptions
• Solution steps
• Identify results and verify accuracy

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