ADVANCED ELECTRONIC

DCE-6

MR. DAVID M SEKILE

 INTRODUCTION
An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such
as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by
conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow.

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an
electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields.
TYPES OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
There are two types of electronic components;
i. Passive components are those components that are incapable of controlling
current by means of another electrical signal. Example Resistors, capacitors,
inductors, and transformers are all considered passive devices.
ii. Active components are those devices that has an analog electronic filter
with the ability to amplify a signal or produce a power gain.
 Electronics Components Cont.
 PASSIVE COMPONENTS
A Resistor is an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current.
It is a passive device used to control, or impede the flow of, electric current in an
electric circuit by providing resistance, thereby developing a drop in voltage across the
device. Real resistor values: 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82
A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in the electric field
between a pair of conductors called “plates”.
The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as “charging”. The ability of a
capacitor to store charge is measured by its capacitance.
Real capacitor values: 10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68, 100, 150, 220, 330, 470, 680, 1000
Inductors are coils of wires which may have a core of air, iron, or ferrite
Its electrical property is called inductance
Inductors are mainly used in tuned circuit
 Electronics Components Cont.
 ACTIVE COMPONENTS
 Diode: Allows electric current to flow in only one direction
Forward voltage drop is equal to 0.2V for germanium diode and 0.7V for silicon diode
 Reverse voltage : All diodes have a maximum reverse voltage, when it is exceeded the
diode will fail and pass a large current in the reverse direction . This is called diode
breakdown.
Ordinary diodes can be split into two types
 Signal diodes which passes small currents of 100mA or less
 Rectifier diodes which passes large current

SPECIAL DIODES
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them
The color of light emitted by LED is determined by the semiconductor material used, not by
the coloring of the package
 Zener diodes
Zener diodes are used to maintain a fixed voltage across their terminals Zener diodes are
designed to breakdown in a reliable and non-destructive way so that they can be used in
reverse manner Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltages and maximum power.
 Electronics Components Cont.
CONNECTING AND SOLDERING
1. Diodes must be connected the correct way round
2. Small signal diodes can be damaged by heat when soldering
3. Rectifier diodes are quite robust and no special precautions are needed for soldering
them.
 Bridge rectifiers
Containing the four rectifier diodes are rated by their maximum current and maximum reverse
voltage.
 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device. It is the fundamental building block of the circuitry in
mobile phones, computers, and several other electronic devices. A transistor has very fast
response and is used in a number of functions including voltage regulation, amplification,
switching, signal modulation, and oscillators.
Transistors may be packaged individually or they can be a part of an integrated circuit. Some
of the ICs have billion of transistors in a very small area.
The amplification factor is called current or voltage gain.
 TWO TYPES OF TRANSISTOR
1. Bipolar transistors
2. Unipolar transistors

Bipolar transistors (NPN and PNP)

 How does Bipolar Transistor Work And Constructed
Bipolar Junction Transistor(BJT) is constructed with three doped semiconductors
regions called Emitter, Base and Collector. These three regions are separated by two
PN junctions.
Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices that control the amount of current
flowing through them from the Emitter to the Collector terminals in proportion to the
amount of biasing voltage applied to their base terminal, thus acting like a current-
controlled switch. As a small current flowing into the base terminal controls a much
larger collector current forming the basis of transistor action.
The principle of operation of the two transistor types PNP and NPN, is exactly the
same the only difference being in their biasing and the polarity of the power supply for
each type.
A bipolar transistor allows a small current injected at one of its terminals to control a
much larger current flowing between two other terminals, making the device capable
of amplification or switching.
 Field Effect Transistor
A field-effect transistor shortly termed as FET is a voltage-controlled device,
unlike BJT which is a current controlled device.
The FET is a unipolar device, which means that it is made using either p-type or
n-type material as the main substrate. One of the many of its advantages is
that it has a very high input impedance, which is in the order of Mega Ohms.
It has many other advantages such as low heat dissipation and low power
consumption.
Bipolar Junction Transistor vs Field Effect Transistor

Bipolar Junction Transistor Field Effect Transistor

It is a bipolar device It is a unipolar device

It is a current-driven device It is a voltage-driven device

Low input impedance High input impedance

Low noise level High noise level

Less thermal stability Better thermal stability

 Transistor as an Amplifier and a Switch
 Transistor as an amplifier serves as an energy booster. It comes in useful things like
hearing aids, which is one of the prior gadgets people use for a transistor. Hearing
aids consist of a tiny microphone that picks up sounds for your world and converts
them into varying electric currents. Microphones are also fed into a transistor that
boosts a tiny loudspeaker, and you hear a much louder version of sound around
you.

 Transistors also work as switches. A small electric current flowing through one part
of a transistor can make a much larger current flow through the other part. This is
how all computer chips work. For instance, a memory chip includes hundreds of
transistors, each of which can be switched on or off individually. Since every
transistor can be in two separate states, it can store two numbers zero and one
separately. A chip can store billions of zeros and ones with billions of transistors
and as many letters and numbers.
 APLLICATIONS OF TRANSISTOR
Semi-conducting materials make the working of transistor possible. Most of you must be familiar
with electrically conductive and non-conductive materials. Metals are typically considered to be
conductive. Things like plastics, wood, ceramics, and glass are insulators, or non-conductive. A
team of scientists discovered how to test certain types of crystals and utilize them as electronic
control devices by exploiting their semi-conductive properties.
Heat-operated switch
A thermistor is one of the most important components in the circuit of a heat-operated switch.
It is a kind of resistor that responds to the surrounding temperature. Its resistance decreases
when the temperature is high and vice versa.
The thermistor resistance drops and a higher share of the supply voltage are dropped across R
when the heat is applied to the thermistor. The base current rises followed by an increase in
collector current. As a result, the bulb glows and siren sounds. These particular circuits are
mainly used in the fire alarm system.
Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits consist of resistors, transistors, diodes, and capacitors combined with a silicon
wafer-thin chip, known as the microchip.
Integrated circuits consume less electrical energy, occupy a small space that reduces the circuit’s
size, and can be built at a low cost.