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Normal Distribution New

The document discusses the concepts of discrete and continuous random variables, highlighting that continuous variables can take any value within a range. It introduces the normal distribution, a key continuous probability distribution studied by mathematicians like de Moivre and Gauss, and explains its significance in statistical inference. The document also covers the characteristics of normal distributions, including symmetry, skewness, and the use of standard normal distribution for practical applications.

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15 views48 pages

Normal Distribution New

The document discusses the concepts of discrete and continuous random variables, highlighting that continuous variables can take any value within a range. It introduces the normal distribution, a key continuous probability distribution studied by mathematicians like de Moivre and Gauss, and explains its significance in statistical inference. The document also covers the characteristics of normal distributions, including symmetry, skewness, and the use of standard normal distribution for practical applications.

Uploaded by

Jack Jan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NORMAL

DISTRIBUTION

BY
SIR HAIDER ABBAS NAQVI
Brief comparison of Discrete and
Continuous Random Variables
• Random variables can be either discrete or continuous.
• A discrete variable cannot assume all values between any two given
values of the variables.
• On the other hand, a continuous variable can assume all values
between any two given values of the variables.
• Examples of continuous variables are the heights of adult men, body
temperatures of rats, and cholesterol levels of adults.
• Many continuous variables, such as the examples just mentioned,
have distributions that are bell-shaped, and these are called
approximately normally distributed variables.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION – An Introduction
• One of the most important examples of a continuous
probability distribution is the normal distribution.
• This distribution was studied by the French mathematician
Abraham de Moivre (1667–1754) and later by the German
mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) , whose
work is so important that the normal distribution is
sometimes called Gaussian.
• The work of these mathematicians provided a foundation on
which much of the theory of statistical inference is based.
• For example, if a researcher selects a random sample of 100 adult women,
measures their heights, and constructs a histogram, the researcher gets a
graph similar to the one shown in Figure 1(a).
• Now, if the researcher increases the sample size and decreases the width
of the classes, the histograms will look like the ones shown in Figure 1(b)
and (c).
• Finally, if it were possible to measure exactly the heights of all adult females
in the United States and plot them, the histogram would approach what is
called a normal distribution, shown in Figure 1(d).
• This distribution is also known as a bell curve or a Gaussian distribution.
• No variable fits a normal distribution perfectly, since a normal distribution is
a theoretical distribution.
• However, a normal distribution can be used to describe many variables,
because the deviations from a normal distribution are very small.
• When the data values are evenly distributed about the mean, a
distribution is said to be a symmetric distribution.
• (A normal distribution is symmetric.) Figure 6–2(a) shows a symmetric
distribution.
• When the majority of the data values fall to the left or right of the
mean, the distribution is said to be skewed.
• When the majority of the data values fall to the right of the mean, the
distribution is said to be a negatively or left-skewed distribution.
• The mean is to the left of the median, and the mean and the median
are to the left of the mode. See Figure 6–2(b).
• When the majority of the data values fall to the left of the mean, a
distribution is said to be a positively or right-skewed distribution.
• The mean falls to the right of the median, and both the mean and the
median fall to the right of the mode.
• The shape and position of a normal distribution curve depend on two
parameters, the mean and the standard deviation.
• Each normally distributed variable has its own normal distribution curve,
which depends on the values of the variable’s mean and standard deviation.
The Standard Normal
Distribution
• Since each normally distributed variable has its own mean and
standard deviation, the shape and location of these curves will vary.
• In practical applications, then, you must have a table of areas under
the curve for each variable.
• To simplify this situation, statisticians use what is called the standard
normal distribution.
• The values under the curve indicate the proportion of area in each
section.
• For example, the area between the mean and 1 standard deviation
above or below the mean is about 0.3413, or 34.13%.
EXAMPLE 01
EXAMPLE :02
EXAMPLE : 03
Applications of the Normal
• The Distribution
standard normal distribution curve can be used to solve a wide
variety of practical problems.
• The only requirement is that the variable be normally or approximately
normally distributed.
• To solve problems by using the standard normal distribution, transform
the original variable to a standard normal distribution variable by using
the formula

• This formula transforms the values of the variable into standard units or
z values.
• Once the variable is transformed, then the Procedure Table and Table E
in Appendix C can be used to solve problems.
Question :

An Electric company manufactures electric bulb having average life of 750


hours, with standard deviation 45 hours. Considering the life time period as
Continuous Random variable, find the probability that the bulb life time will be ;

(a) less than 650 hours,


(b) between 690 to 790 hours.
(c ) more than 825 hours.

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