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Bar Graph, Histogram

A bar chart is a graphical representation of data using rectangular bars to compare different categories, typically displayed vertically. It summarizes large data sets visually, allowing for easy comparison of values, while histograms show frequency distributions of numerical data. The document also outlines various types of bar graphs, their properties, advantages, disadvantages, and differences between bar graphs and histograms.

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40 views22 pages

Bar Graph, Histogram

A bar chart is a graphical representation of data using rectangular bars to compare different categories, typically displayed vertically. It summarizes large data sets visually, allowing for easy comparison of values, while histograms show frequency distributions of numerical data. The document also outlines various types of bar graphs, their properties, advantages, disadvantages, and differences between bar graphs and histograms.

Uploaded by

fraziaijaz3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bar Chart

A Bar Graph (also called Bar Chart) is a graphical display of data using bars of different
heights.
A bar chart is a graph with rectangular bars. The graph usually compares different categories.
Although the graphs can be plotted vertically (bars standing up) or horizontally (bars laying flat
from left to right), the most usual type of bar graph is vertical.
It is a really good way to show relative sizes: we can see which types of movie are most
liked, and which are least liked, at a glance.
We can use bar graphs to show the relative sizes of many things, such as what type of car
people have, how many customers a shop has on different days and so on.
A survey of 145 people asked them "Which is the nicest fruit?":

Fruit: Apple Orange Banana Kiwifruit Blueberry Grapes

People: 35 30 10 25 40 5

There are two axes present on the graph. One axis is used to represent the numerical values
whereas the other represents the categorical data against which the numerical data is
plotted.

Draw on excel
Properties of Bar Graph

Some properties that make a bar graph unique and different from other
types of graphs are given below:
•All rectangular bars should have equal width and should have equal
space between them.
•The rectangular bars can be drawn horizontally or vertically.
•The height of the rectangular bar is equivalent to the data they
represent.
•The rectangular bars must be on a common base.
Advantages:
•Bar graph summarizes the large set of data in simple visual form.
•It displays each category of data in the frequency distribution.
•It clarifies the trend of data better than the table.
•It helps in estimating the key values at a glance.
Disadvantages:
•Sometimes, the bar graph fails to reveal the patterns, cause, effects, etc.
Types of Bar Graphs

Vertical Bar Graph


Horizontal Bar Graph
Grouped Bar Graph
Stacked Bar Graph
Vertical Bar Graphs
When the grouped data are represented vertically in a graph or chart with the help of bars,
where the bars denote the measure of data, such graphs are called vertical bar graphs. The
data is represented along the y-axis of the graph, and the height of the bars shows the
values.

Horizontal Bar Graphs


When the grouped data are represented horizontally in a chart with the help of bars, then
such graphs are called horizontal bar graphs, where the bars show the measure of data. The
data is depicted here along the x-axis of the graph, and the length of the bars denote the
values.
Grouped Bar Graph
The grouped bar graph is also called the clustered bar graph, which is used to represent the
discrete value for more than one object that shares the same category. In this type of bar
chart, the total number of instances are combined into a single bar. In other words, a
grouped bar graph is a type of bar graph in which different sets of data items are compared.
Here, a single colour is used to represent the specific series across the set. The grouped bar
graph can be represented using both vertical and horizontal bar charts.

Stacked Bar Graph


The stacked bar graph is also called the composite bar chart, which divides the aggregate
into different parts. In this type of bar graph, each part can be represented using different
colours, which helps to easily identify the different categories. The stacked bar chart
requires specific labelling to show the different parts of the bar. In a stacked bar graph, each
bar represents the whole and each segment represents the different parts of the whole.
3D Bar Charts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFk9IPpDu4Y
Example 1
Example 2
Stacked bar graph
A stacked bar chart is a type of
bar graph that represents the
proportional contribution of
individual data points in
comparison to a total.
The height or length of each
bar represents how much each
group contributes to the total.
What is histogram?

A histogram is a graph that shows the


frequency of numerical data using rectangles.
The height of a rectangle (the vertical axis)
represents the distribution frequency of a
variable (the amount, or how often that
variable appears). The width of the rectangle
(horizontal axis) represents the value of the
variable (for instance, minutes, years, or
ages).
When to use histograms

•The data are numerical


•You want to see the shape of the data’s distribution, especially when
determining whether the output of a process is distributed approximately
normally
•Analyzing whether a process can meet the customer’s requirements
•Analyzing what the output from a supplier’s process looks like
•Seeing whether a process change has occurred from one time period to another
•Determining whether the outputs of two or more processes are different
Histogram shapes
Normal distribution
A common pattern is the bell-shaped curve known as the "normal distribution." In a normal
or "typical" distribution, points are as likely to occur on one side of the average as on the
other. Note that other distributions look similar to the normal distribution. Statistical
calculations must be used to prove a normal distribution.
It's important to note that "normal" refers to the typical distribution for a particular process.
For example, many processes have a natural limit on one side and will produce skewed
distributions. This is normal—meaning typical—for those processes, even if the distribution
isn’t considered "normal."
Histogram shapes
Skewed distribution
The skewed distribution is asymmetrical because a natural limit prevents outcomes on one
side. The distribution’s peak is off center toward the limit and a tail stretches away from it.
For example, a distribution of analyses of a very pure product would be skewed, because the
product cannot be more than 100 percent pure. Other examples of natural limits are holes
that cannot be smaller than the diameter of the drill bit or call-handling times that cannot be
less than zero. These distributions are called right- or left-skewed according to the direction
of the tail.
How to make histogram

The process of making a histogram using the given data is described


below:
•Step 1: Choose a suitable scale to represent weights on the
horizontal axis.
•Step 2: Choose a suitable scale to represent the frequencies on the
vertical axis.
•Step 3: Then draw the bars corresponding to each of the given
weights using their frequencies
Frequency
How to make Weights (Number
histogram (in lbs) of
•Example: Construct a histogram for the
students)
following frequency distribution table that
describes the frequencies of weights of 25
students in a class.
65 - 70 4

70 - 75 10

75 - 80 8

80 - 85 4
•Step 1: On the horizontal axis, we
can choose the scale to be 1 unit = 11
lb. Since the weights in the table start
from 65, not from 0, we give a
break/kink on the X-axis.
•Step 2: On the vertical axis, the
frequencies are varying from 4 to 10.
Thus, we choose the scale to be 1
unit = 2.
•Step 3: Then draw the bars
corresponding to each of the given
weights using their frequencies.
Bar Graph vs
Histogram
Bar Graph vs Histogram

The histogram displays the distribution frequency as a two-dimensional figure,


meaning the height and width of columns or rectangles have particular meanings and
can both vary.
A bar chart is a one-dimensional figure. The height of its bars represent something
specific. The width of the bars has no meaning.
On a histogram, there are no gaps between columns. Column width changes as the
variable represented changes. On bar charts, the bars usually have gaps between
them.

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