Introduction to

Database
Management
System
 Database
Management
System
(DBMS)
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system for
creating and managing databases. A DBMS enables end users to
create, protect, read, update and delete data in a database. It also
manages security, data integrity and concurrency for databases.

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THE EVOLUTION OF
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (DBMS):
A JOURNEY
THROUGH TIME
 ORIGINS OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- BUSINESSES AND
ORGANISATIONS STARTED TO
RECOGNISE THE NEED FOR
EFFECTIVE DATA
MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS IN
THE 1960S, WHICH IS WHEN
DBMS FIRST EMERGED.

• Data was stored and retrieved using

flat files in the earliest database
systems, sometimes referred to as
file-based systems. These systems
lacked the scalability and flexibility
Magnetic Tape needed to adapt to the changing
needs of organisations. They were
also outdated and inflexible.
 Pre-1960s
•1945: Magnetic tapes were developed, replacing
punch cards and paper tape, enabling sequential
data storage.
•1957: The first commercial computer was installed,
paving the way for computerized data management.
•1959: IBM introduced the Ramac system, allowing
non-sequential data access and file handling.
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 1960’S:
THERE WERE TWO POPULAR DATA MODELS IN THIS DECADE; A NETWORK
MODEL. A NET WORK MODEL CALLED CODASYL AND A HIERARCHICAL
MODEL CALLED IMS .

• CODASYL, the Conference/Committee on

Data Systems Languages, was a
consortium formed in 1959 to guide the
development of a standard
programming language that could be
 1960’S:
THERE WERE TWO POPULAR DATA MODELS IN THIS DECADE; A NETWORK
MODEL. A NET WORK MODEL CALLED CODASYL AND A HIERARCHICAL
MODEL CALLED IMS .

• CODASYL's members were individuals from

industry and government involved in data
processing activity. Its larger goal was to
promote more effective data systems analysis,
design, and implementation. The organization
published specifications for various languages
over the years, handing these over to official
1960’S: IMS employs a hierarchical
THERE WERE TWO POPULAR DATA MODELS IN database model, where data
THIS DECADE; A NETWORK MODEL. A NET
WORK MODEL CALLED CODASYL AND A is organized into segments
HIERARCHICAL MODEL CALLED IMS. (records or structs) arranged
in a tree-like structure. Each
segment contains multiple
fields, and the hierarchical
IMS (Integrated Management relationships between
System) segments allow for efficient
management of complex
data. For example, in a
customer database, a root
segment might contain basic
customer information, while
child segments could
represent orders and further
 1970s:
•1970: Edgar F. Codd
introduced the relational
model, laying the foundation 1970s:
for modern database theory2. Codd's relational model
•1971: The CODASYL emphasized data normalization,
Database Task Group Report ensuring that each piece of
was published. information was stored only once,
•1976: Peter Chen introduced simplifying updates and reducing
the Entity-Relationship (ER) redundancy. It also introduced the
concept of views, which allowed
model, enhancing database
users to access data in different
design.
formats without directly modifying
•1974-1977: Two major the underlying tables.
relational database
prototypes, Ingres and 9

System R, were developed.

 1970s:
Other significant contributions during this period included Larry
Ellison's Oracle Database, which emerged from IBM's System R
research and became a major competitor, and Michael
Stonebraker's INGRES, which later evolved into PostgreSQL.
These advancements solidified the relational model as the
preferred approach for database management, shaping the
future of data storage and retrieval

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 1980s:
• 1980s: Relational DBMSs like Oracle, DB2, and Sybase
emerged, dominating the market.
• 1983: Over 100 relational systems were implemented,
marking the rise of commercial relational DBMSs.
• 1984: The preliminary SQL standard was published.

The 1980s were a transformative decade for database management systems

(DBMS), marked by the rise of relational databases and the standardization
of SQL as the dominant query language.
Relational Databases and SQL

The relational model, introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s, gained

widespread adoption in the 1980s. SQL (Structured Query Language) became
the standard query language, formalized by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in 1987. This standardization facilitated the growth of relational
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 Throughout the 1980s, DB2 underwent significant
performance improvements. Features like
segmented table spaces and packages were
introduced in V2R3 (1990), optimizing storage and
making application programs easier to support.
These enhancements made DB2 a viable option
for mission-critical, transaction-processing
workloads.
• Db2 is a family of data management products,
including relational database management
systems (RDBMS), developed by IBM, initially
for mainframes but now available on various
platforms and cloud environments. It supports
both transactional and analytical workloads
and offers features like SQL, NoSQL
capabilities, and data security. 13
 THANK
YOU!
Kathleen Kate
Trugillo

Mariell Jusmine 14