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Unit 3 Design of Tray Column

The document provides an overview of continuous distillation processes, focusing on tray columns and the separation of liquid mixtures based on volatility differences. It discusses design variables, methods for binary and multicomponent systems, and introduces analytical equations such as the Smoker equations for determining the number of stages required in distillation. Additionally, it highlights shortcut methods for stage and reflux requirements, particularly in hydrocarbon systems, and emphasizes the complexity of multicomponent distillation compared to binary mixtures.

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Samarth Prabhu
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12 views26 pages

Unit 3 Design of Tray Column

The document provides an overview of continuous distillation processes, focusing on tray columns and the separation of liquid mixtures based on volatility differences. It discusses design variables, methods for binary and multicomponent systems, and introduces analytical equations such as the Smoker equations for determining the number of stages required in distillation. Additionally, it highlights shortcut methods for stage and reflux requirements, particularly in hydrocarbon systems, and emphasizes the complexity of multicomponent distillation compared to binary mixtures.

Uploaded by

Samarth Prabhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemical Equipment

Design-II
Unit No. 3
Tray Column
Subject : CED-II

Subject In-charge
Dr. Abhijeet D Patil
Assistant professor
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Academy Of
Engineering, Alandi ,Pune

Academic Year: 2022-2023


Unit III:Tray Column
Continuous distillation
Continuous distillation
The separation of liquid mixtures by distillation
depends on differences in volatility between the
components.
The greater the relative volatilities, the easier the
separation.
Vapour flows up the column and liquid counter-
currently down the column.
The vapour and liquid are brought into contact on
plates, or packing.
Part of the condensate from the condenser is
returned to the top of the column to provide liquid
flow above the feed point (reflux),and part of the
liquid from the base of the column is vaporised in
the reboiler and returned to provide the vapour flow.
Continuous distillation
In the section below the feed, the more volatile
components are stripped from the liquid and this is
known as the stripping section.
The concentration of the more volatile components
is increased and this is called the enrichment, or
more commonly, the rectifying section.
If the process requirement is to strip a volatile
component from a relatively non-volatile solvent,
the rectifying section may be omitted, and the
column would then be called a
stripping column.
Continuous distillation
Continuous distillation
Design variables in distillation
Design methods for binary systems,
A good understanding of the basic equations
developed for binary systems is essential to the
understanding of distillation processes.
With binary mixtures fixing the composition of
one component fixes the composition of the other,
and iterative procedures are not usually needed to
determine the stage and reflux requirements;
simple graphical methods are normally used.

Lewis-Sorel method (Equimolar overflow)

McCabe-Thiele method
Smoker equations
Smoker (1938) derived an analytical equation that
can be used to determine the number of stages
when the relative volatility is constant.

Though his method can be used for any problem


for which the relative volatilities in the rectifying
and stripping sections can be taken as constant, it
is particularly useful for problems where the
relative volatility is low.

If the relative volatility is close to one, the number


of stages required will be very large, and it will be
impractical to draw a McCabe-Thiele diagram.
Smoker equations
Smoker equations
Smoker equations
Smoker equations
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION: GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
 The problem of determining the stage and reflux
requirements for multicomponent distillations is much
more complex than for binary mixtures
 With a multicomponent mixture, fixing one component
composition does not uniquely determine the other
component compositions and the stage temperature.
 when the feed contains more than two components it
is not possible to specify the complete composition of
the top and bottom products independently.
 The separation between the top and bottom products
is specified by setting limits on two “key” components,
between which it is desired to make the separation.
Key components
 Before commencing the column design, the designer must
select the two “key” components between which it is
desired to make the separation.
 The light key will be the component that it is desired to
keep out of the bottom product, and the heavy key the
component to be kept out of the top product.
 Specifications will be set on the maximum concentrations
of the keys in the top and bottom products.
The keys are known as “adjacent keys” if they are
“adjacent” in a listing of the components in order of
volatility, and “split keys” if some other component lies
between them in the order; they will usually be adjacent.
The “non-key” components that appear in both top and
bottom products are known as “distributed” components;
and those that are not present, to any significant extent, in
one or other product, are known as “non-distributed”
MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION: SHORT-CUT METHODS FOR STAGE
AND REFLUX REQUIREMENTS
 Most of the short-cut methods were developed for the

design of separation columns for hydrocarbon systems


in the petroleum and petrochemical systems industries.
 caution must be exercised when applying them to other

systems.
They usually depend on the assumption of constant

relative volatility, and should not be used for severely


non-ideal systems.
Short-cut methods for non-ideal and azeotropic systems

are given by Featherstone


MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION: SHORT-CUT METHODS FOR STAGE
AND REFLUX REQUIREMENTS

 1) Hengstebeck’s method:
 For any component i the Lewis-Sorel material balance equations
and equilibrium relationship can be written in terms of the
individual component molar flow rates; in place of the component
composition:
 Hengstebeck makes use of the fact that in a typical distillation the
flow-rates of each of the light non-key components approaches a
constant, limiting, rate in the rectifying section; and the flows of
each of the heavy non-key components approach limiting flow-
rates in the stripping section.
 Estimates of the flows of the combined keys enable operating
lines to be drawn for the equivalent binary system. The
equilibrium line is drawn by assuming a constant relative volatility
for the light key:
MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION: SHORT-CUT METHODS FOR STAGE
AND REFLUX REQUIREMENTS

2) Smith-Brinkley method
 Smith and Brinkley developed a method for determining the
distribution of components in multicomponent separation
processes.
 Their method is based on the solution of the finite difference
equations that can be written for multistage separation
processes, and can be used for extraction and absorption
processes, as well as distillation.
MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION: SHORT-CUT METHODS FOR STAGE
AND REFLUX REQUIREMENTS
3)Minimum number of stages (Fenske
equation)

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