Computer Networks - 1 - 6
Computer Networks - 1 - 6
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VISION OF THE INSTITUTE
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to become Engineers of the highest calibre.
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MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE
M1: Provide world-class physical and digital infrastructure
and learning environment.
M2: Develop the competencies of students to make them
job-ready and entrepreneurs.
M3: Facilitate mental, physical, emotional and spiritual
development of students and ensure their holistic
development.
M4: Preserve the environment through the implementation
of eco-friendly and sustainable practices.
M5: Serve the community through skill development and
other need-based services.
M6: Establish sustainable partnerships with industries and
R&D laboratories for mutual benefit.
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VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT
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MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
• Encouraging innovation and critical thinking to
solve complex, real-world problems by delivering
cutting-edge curriculum.
• Building strong industry and academic
partnerships to enhance learning and career
opportunities.
• Promoting ethical practices and social
responsibility, ensuring that our graduates
contribute positively to society.
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PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE
Graduates can:
1. Leverage their expertise in foundational
sciences, mathematics, artificial intelligence,
data science, and statistics to develop systems
for managing and analyzing large-scale data.
2. Think critically, continuously learn, and
collaborate effectively within a multidisciplinary
team while upholding strong ethical standards.
3. Demonstrate innovative thinking and
creativity to impact economic development.
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. PRESENTATION
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Students should be able to:
• Develop AI-driven, domain-specific processes to
enhance decision-making across various fields,
including business and governance.
• Apply theoretical knowledge of AI, data analytics, and
practical industry tools and techniques to address and
solve complex societal challenges.
• Cultivate data analytics, visualisation skills, and
knowledge acquisition, representation, and engineering
expertise to coordinate complex projects effectively.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS 7
PRESENTATION
UNIT TOPICS
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION
UNIT IV - ROUTING
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COMPUTER NETWORKS 8
PRESENTATION
COURSE OBJECTIVE
protocol suite.
protocols.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS 9
PRESENTATION
COURSE OUTCOME
CO 1: Explain the basic layers and its functions in
computer networks.
NETWORKS PRESENTATION
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/COMPUTER
CO 2: Understand the basics of how data flows from
one node to another.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Java and basic networking libraries.
Fundamentals of Networking – Basic concepts of
LAN, WAN, IP addressing, and subnetting.
Mathematics and Logic – Understanding of binary
numbers, Boolean logic, and probability.
Operating System Basics – Knowledge of process
management and network commands.
Introduction to Data Communication – Basics of
data transmission, bandwidth, and latency.
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CO – PO MAPPING
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COMPUTER NETWORKS 12
PRESENTATION
UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND
APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION
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– Protocol Layering – TCP/IP Protocol suite – OSI
Model – Introduction to Sockets - Application
Layer protocols: HTTP – FTP – Email protocols
(SMTP - POP3 - IMAP - MIME) – DNS – SNMP
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UNIT II TRANSPORT LAYER
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Introduction - Transport-Layer Protocols: UDP –
TCP: Connection Management – Flow control -
Congestion Control - Congestion avoidance
(DECbit, RED) – SCTP – Quality of Service
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UNIT III NETWORK LAYER
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Switching : Packet Switching - Internet
protocol - IPV4 – IP Addressing – Subnetting -
IPV6, ARP, RARP, ICMP, DHCP
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UNIT IV ROUTING
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Routing and protocols: Unicast routing -
Distance Vector Routing - RIP - Link State
Routing – OSPF – Path-vector routing - BGP -
Multicast Routing: DVMRP – PIM.
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UNIT V DATA LINK AND PHYSICAL
LAYERS
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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control – Data-Link Layer Protocols – HDLC – PPP
- Media Access Control – Ethernet Basics –
CSMA/CD – Virtual LAN – Wireless LAN (802.11) -
Physical Layer: Data and Signals - Performance –
Transmission media- Switching – Circuit
Switching.
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a
collection of networking protocols that govern how data is
transmitted across networks,including the Internet.
PRESENTATION
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It ensures that data packets are properly addressed, routed,
transmitted, and received between devices.
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SUMMARY
Definition: A set of protocols governing Internet
communication.
Layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network
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Interface layers.
Protocols: Includes TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol).
Functionality: Ensures reliable data transmission and
routing across networks.
Importance: Forms the backbone of the Internet and
modern networking.
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PREVIOUS SESSION
1.1 Data Communication
1.2 Networks
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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1.3 Network Types
1.4 Protocol Layering
1.5 TCP/IP Protocol suite
1.6 OSI Model
1.7 Introduction to Sockets
1.8 Application Layer protocols: HTTP
1.9 FTP
1.10 Email protocols (SMTP - POP3 - IMAP - MIME)
1.11 DNS
1.12 SNMP 20
TODAY’S SESSION
1.1 Data Communication
1.2 Networks
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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1.3 Network Types
1.4 Protocol Layering
1.5 TCP/IP Protocol suite
1.6 OSI Model
1.7 Introduction to Sockets
1.8 Application Layer protocols: HTTP
1.9 FTP
1.10 Email protocols (SMTP - POP3 - IMAP - MIME)
1.11 DNS
1.12 SNMP 21
1.6 OSI MODEL
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a
conceptual framework developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO).
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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It standardizes network communication by dividing it into
seven layers, each with a specific function.
Helps in troubleshooting network issues.
Standardizes communication between different systems.
Allows interoperability between different networking
devices and protocols.
Provides a structured way to understand data flow in
networks.
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1.6 OSI MODEL SERVICES:
Connection-Oriented & Connectionless Communication –
Ensures reliable (TCP) or fast (UDP) data transmission.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Error Detection & Correction – Identifies and fixes
transmission errors using checksums and CRC.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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model was designed using specific principles
to ensure modular, flexible, and efficient
network communication.
PRESENTATION
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This ensures clarity, efficiency, and ease of troubleshooting.
PRESENTATION
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This principle promotes standardization and interoperability across networks.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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make upgrades difficult.
Example: The Transport Layer (Layer 4) relies on the Network Layer
(Layer 3) for routing but does not need to handle network
addressing directly.
Changes in One Layer Should Not Affect Other Layers:
A layer should be independent, meaning changes in its protocols or services
should not impact other layers.
This makes the OSI model flexible and adaptable to new technologies.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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This ensures adaptability for different types of applications.
Example:
TCP (connection-oriented) is used for email and web browsing to
ensure reliable delivery.
UDP (connectionless) is used for live streaming and VoIP where
speed is more important than reliability.
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PRESENTATION
1.6 SEVEN LAYERS OF THE OSI
MODEL
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
1.6 EXCHANGE USING OSI MODEL
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
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PRESENTATION
1.6 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
32
PRESENTATION
1.6 OSI LAYERS
1.6 PHYSICAL LAYER (LAYER 1) – "THE
HARDWARE LAYER": physical
connection
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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The physical layer is responsible for
transmitting
individual bits from one node to the next.
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1.6 PHYSICAL LAYER
The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer of the OSI Model. It is responsible for
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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over a physical medium such as cables or wireless signals.
This layer defines the hardware components, transmission rates, and signaling
Function:
Transmits raw binary data (0s and 1s) over physical media (cables, radio waves, fiber
optics).
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Defines cable types, voltage levels, transmission rates, and physical topologies.
1.6 PHYSICAL LAYER
Key Services:
Bit Transmission – Converts digital data into electrical, optical, or radio signals.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Media & Signal Control – Defines how signals are transmitted over cables or
wireless mediums.
Physical Topology – Determines how devices are physically connected (e.g., star,
bus, ring).
Examples:
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Network Interface Cards (NICs), Hubs, Repeaters
1.6 DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) –
"THE MAC LAYER": logical
connection
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
37
PRESENTATION
1.6 DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) –
"THE MAC LAYER":
1.6 DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) –
"THE MAC LAYER":
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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communication, error detection, and data framing.
This layer ensures that data is transmitted accurately
and efficiently between devices on the same network.
The Data Link Layer is divided into two sublayers:
Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer – Manages error
checking and flow control.
Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer – Controls
how devices access the transmission medium.
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1.6 DATA LINK LAYER (LAYER 2) –
"THE MAC LAYER":
Function:
Ensures error-free transfer of data between two devices on
the same network.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Converts raw data (bits) into structured data units (frames).
Uses MAC (Media Access Control) addressing to uniquely
identify devices.
Key Services:
Framing – Organizes bits into frames for transmission.
Error Detection & Correction – Uses Cyclic Redundancy Check
(CRC) to detect transmission errors.
MAC Addressing – Uses unique MAC addresses for device
identification.
Examples:
Switches & Bridges (operate at Layer 2)
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Ethernet & Wi-Fi (802.11)
MAC Address (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E)
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
40
PRESENTATION
1.6 NETWORK LAYER (LAYER 3) –
"THE ROUTING LAYER"
1.6 NETWORK LAYER (LAYER 3) –
"THE ROUTING LAYER"
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original
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source to the final destination.
1.6 NETWORK LAYER
The Network Layer is the third layer of the OSI Model
and is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and
packet forwarding.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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This layer determines the best path for data to travel
across multiple networks and ensures that data
reaches the correct destination.
It plays a crucial role in internet communication,
where devices are identified using IP addresses and
data packets are routed through various networks
to reach their destination.
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1.6 NETWORK LAYER
Function:
Manages logical addressing and routing of data packets
between different networks.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Determines the best path for data transmission.
Uses IP addresses for identifying devices.
Key Services:
Logical Addressing – Uses IP addresses (IPv4/IPv6) to identify
devices.
Routing – Determines the best path for sending data.
Packet Forwarding – Moves data from source to destination
across networks.
Examples:
Routers (operate at Layer 3)
IP Addresses (IPv4: 192.168.1.1, IPv6: 43
2001:db8::ff00:42:8329)
Routing Protocols: OSPF, BGP, RIP, ICMP
1.6 TRANSPORT LAYER (LAYER 4) –
"THE DELIVERY LAYER"
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message 44
from one process to another.
1.6 TRANSPORT LAYER (LAYER 4) –
"THE DELIVERY LAYER"
The Transport Layer is the fourth layer of the OSI
Model and is responsible for end-to-end
communication, error handling, and data flow control
PRESENTATION
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between devices.
It ensures that data is delivered accurately,
completely, and in the correct sequence from the
sender to the receiver.
This layer provides two types of communication:
Connection-Oriented Communication (TCP -
Transmission Control Protocol)
Connectionless Communication (UDP - User Datagram
Protocol)
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1.6 TRANSPORT LAYER (LAYER 4) –
"THE DELIVERY LAYER"
Function:
Provides end-to-end communication and error handling.
Ensures reliable (TCP) or fast (UDP) data delivery.
Breaks large data into segments and reassembles them at the
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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receiver’s end.
Key Services:
Segmentation & Reassembly – Breaks large messages into
smaller segments.
Flow Control – Manages data transmission speed to avoid
congestion.
Error Detection & Recovery – Ensures data is delivered correctly.
Examples:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – Reliable, ordered delivery
(Web browsing, Emails).
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – Fast but no guarantee of
delivery (Streaming, VoIP).
Port Numbers: HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), FTP (21), SSH (22), DNS
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(53)
1.6 SESSION LAYER (LAYER 5) – "THE
COMMUNICATION LAYER"
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization. 47
1.6 SESSION LAYER (LAYER 5) – "THE
COMMUNICATION LAYER"
The Session Layer is the fifth layer of the OSI
Model and is responsible for establishing,
maintaining, and terminating communication
PRESENTATION
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sessions between devices.
It ensures that data exchanges between
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Synchronizes data exchange with checkpoints for recovery after
interruptions.
Key Services:
Session Establishment & Termination – Opens and closes
communication sessions.
Synchronization – Ensures data is transmitted in an organized
manner.
Dialog Control – Manages full-duplex (simultaneous) or half-
duplex (one-way) communication.
Examples:
Video Conferencing (Zoom, MS Teams, Google Meet)
Remote Desktop Access (RDP, SSH)
Login Sessions (Telnet, FTP sessions) 49
1.6 PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6)
– "THE TRANSLATOR LAYER"
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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• It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information 50
exchanged b/w 2 devices.
1.6 PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6)
– "THE TRANSLATOR LAYER"
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
The Presentation Layer is the sixth layer of the OSI
Model and is responsible for data translation,
encryption, and compression.
It acts as a bridge between the Application Layer
(Layer 7) and the Transport Layer (Layer 4), ensuring
that data is in the correct format for communication.
This layer ensures that different systems can
understand each other's data formats, even if they
use different encoding methods.
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1.6 PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6)
– "THE TRANSLATOR LAYER"
Function:
Converts data into a format understandable by the receiving system.
Handles data encryption, compression, and formatting.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Ensures data compatibility between different devices and
applications.
Key Services:
Data Formatting & Encoding – Converts data into standard formats
(ASCII, Unicode, JPEG, MP3).
Data Compression – Reduces file size to improve speed and
bandwidth usage.
Encryption & Decryption – Secures sensitive data using protocols like
SSL/TLS.
Examples:
SSL/TLS Encryption (Secure websites HTTPS)
File Formats (JPEG, MP3, MP4, GIF, PDF)
Character Encoding (ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC) 52
1.6 APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7) –
"THE USER INTERFACE LAYER"
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
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The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
1.6 APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7) –
"THE USER INTERFACE LAYER"
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
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user and the network,
providing network services directly to applications.
This layer allows users to interact with the network
through web browsers, email clients, file transfer
applications, and other software.
It defines protocols and standards for data exchange,
ensuring smooth communication between devices.
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1.6 APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7) –
"THE USER INTERFACE LAYER"
Function:
Provides network services directly to end-users.
Enables file transfers, emails, web browsing, and remote access.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Defines network protocols used by applications.
Key Services:
User Interface – Allows users to interact with network applications.
Application Protocols – Uses HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP.
Data Access & Network Services – Supports cloud computing, remote
login, and database access.
Examples:
Web Browsing (Chrome, Firefox, Edge) → HTTP/HTTPS (80/443)
Email Services (Gmail, Outlook) → SMTP, POP3, IMAP
File Transfers → FTP, SFTP
Domain Name Resolution → DNS (Google DNS: 8.8.8.8)
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1.6 SUMMARY
Definition: A conceptual framework that standardizes
network communication.
Layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport,
PRESENTATION
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Session, Presentation, and Application.
Purpose: Defines how different network components
interact.
Comparison: More detailed than the TCP/IP model
but less practical for direct implementation.
Benefits: Enhances troubleshooting and protocol
development.
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1.6 QUESTIONS
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for reliable
data transmission, and how does TCP handle this?
What are the main protocols used in the Transport
Layer of the TCP/IP model?
In which OSI layer does IP addressing occur, and what
role does it play in data transmission?
How does the application layer in the OSI model differ
from that in the TCP/IP model?
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REFERENCE
"Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach" –
James F. Kurose & Keith W. Ross
Covers OSI and TCP/IP models with real-world applications.
PRESENTATION
COMPUTER NETWORKS
MZCET/AI&DS/CS3591/IVSEM/
"Data Communications and Networking" – Behrouz A.
Forouzan
A detailed explanation of networking concepts, including OSI and
TCP/IP models.
"Computer Networks" – Andrew S. Tanenbaum & David J.
Wetherall
Explains networking principles, OSI layers, and TCP/IP stack.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-
networks/what-is-the-osi-model.html
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/osi_model/index.htm
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