"Text as Connected

Discourse"
"Words are the threads that weave
meaning into understanding."
•By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1.Define text as connected discourse.
2.Explain the characteristics of a text as connected
discourse.
3.Analyze examples of connected discourse in different
forms.
Guess the Connection

Examples:
• "The sun was shining. I wore sunglasses."
• "The car stopped. A cup of coffee is hot."
What is Connected Discourse?
• Text as connected discourse is a series of ideas or
sentences that are logically and meaningfully linked.
• It demonstrates cohesion (grammatical linking) and
coherence (logical flow).
Characteristics of Connected
Discourse
Cohesion:
• Uses linking words, pronouns, and consistent tenses.
• Example: "Maria went to the market. She bought some
apples."
Coherence:
• Ideas are arranged in a logical order.
• Example: "First, we plan. Then, we act."
"It was a rainy afternoon. Sarah sat by the window,
watching the droplets race down the glass. She loved
rainy days because they gave her an excuse to curl up
with her favorite book. As thunder rumbled in the
distance, she smiled, knowing the story would be her
perfect escape."
"To bake a chocolate cake, first gather all your
ingredients, including flour, sugar, eggs, and cocoa
powder. Next, preheat your oven to 180 0C. Then, mix
the dry ingredients in one bowl and the wet ingredients
in another. Finally, combine the two mixtures, pour the
batter into a greased pan, and bake for 30 minutes."
"The weather was rainy today. I like pizza.
Some people prefer tea over coffee. My shoes
are blue, and they are comfortable to wear.
It’s important to study for exams. Yesterday, I
saw a cat on the street."
"The weather was rainy today, so I decided to stay
indoors. To pass the time, I ordered a pizza, which is my
favorite comfort food. While waiting for it to arrive, I
made myself some tea because I prefer it over coffee. It
was a cozy day, and I even had time to study for my
exams. Later in the evening, I noticed a cat sitting
outside my window, watching the rain."
Summary
Key Takeaways:
• Text as connected discourse links ideas meaningfully.
• Cohesion ensures grammatical flow; coherence ensures logical
order.
• Understanding connected discourse enhances communication and
comprehension.

"A well-connected text is a bridge to clear understanding."

TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND
ORGANIZING INFORMATION
•Brainstorming list
•Graphic organizer
•Topic outline
•Sentence outline
A. Brainstorming List
Is an individual or group activity. Ideas
are gathered and listed from the input of
every member.
Example: If the topic is "Ways to Stay Healthy," a
brainstorming list could include:
• Eating vegetables
• Exercising
• Sleeping early
• Avoiding junk food
"Ways to Reduce Stress"
• Listening to music •Sleeping early
• Exercising •Going for a walk
• Deep breathing •Meditating
• Talking to a friend •Taking short breaks from work
•Playing with pets
• Watching movies
•Journaling thoughts
• Drinking tea or coffee •Practicing gratitude
• Reading a book •Eating healthy food
B. Graphic Organizer
(Visualizing Information)
A diagram that organizes ideas visually (e.g., mind
maps, Venn diagrams, and topical organizer).

Example: Use a mind map for "Causes of Climate

Change".
The topical organizer allows writers to map
out their ideas.
• hierarchical topical organizer
• bubble topical organizer.
Hierarchical topical organizer
Bubble topical organizer
c. Topic Outline (Organizing
Main Ideas)
Definition: A structured list of main ideas and subtopics
without full sentences.
Example:
I. Importance of Exercise
A. Physical Benefits
B. Mental Benefits
C. Social Benefits
D. Sentence Outline (Detailed
Structure)
Definition: A structured outline where each point is
written in a complete sentence.
Example:
I. Exercise is important for maintaining a healthy body.
A. Regular exercise helps prevent diseases like obesity and
heart problems.
B. It also improves mental health by reducing stress and
anxiety.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a group of sentences that
convey an idea. Each sentence works
together as part of a unit to create an overall
thought or impression. It has four parts: title,
topic sentence, supporting details and
concluding sentence.
Title- tells what the paragraph is about in
a couple words.
Topic Sentence- the first sentence in a
paragraph.
-tells what the paragraph is about.
Supporting details-
-the sentences after the topic sentence.
-they tell more about the main idea.
-they make up the body of the
paragraph. It shows details and examples to
prove your point.
Concluding sentence-
-the last sentence of the paragraph
-it tells the main idea again.
-wraps up the point of the paragraph.
WHAT IS A PATTERN OF A WRITTEN
TEXT?
• Writing pattern or pattern of paragraph
development refers to a specific strategy or
method that a writer uses to develop ideas in a
paragraph.
Topic 1

Narration and Description

Narration

The focus of this pattern is basically to narrate

or tell a story. It emphasizes the what, when,
and where something happened. Its purpose
comes along with effective sequencing order of
events in a chronological order. Moreover, action
words and transitional words characterized a
narrative paragraph.
TAKE NOTE:
• Transitional words show the change of
actions of the character(s) and connect
events in the story. For example, afterwards,
meanwhile, at night, after, at present, next,
then, earlier, suddenly, before, at last,
meanwhile, eventually.
EXAMPLE:

Yesterday, Thea and her two brothers, Michael and

Edward had the most wonderful time together. They
strolled in the mall. They went inside the department
store and bought bucket hats and matching shirts.
Next, for lunch, they ate at their favorite restaurant,
ordered the usual chicken and rice combo and shared
many funny moments.
EXAMPLE:

After that, they watched a comedy movie and

laughed their hearts out. After a long day, they
went home tired but fulfilled. They definitely
shared good moments together and bonded
more as siblings.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Narration:
Description
→ This pattern of development gives characteristics or
details on what an object, a person or a place looks like.
When using this pattern, use powerful and appropriate
adjectives and use effectively the five senses (sight, smell,
taste, hear, touch) to create a clear image on a reader’s
mind.
Description
→ There are two types of description paragraph—
objective and subjective. Objective description is used in
scientific writing to describe factual and scientific
characteristics. Subjective description is used in fiction
wherein a writer uses his own perspective to describe a
person, an event or a thing.
EXAMPLE:

Every summer, my brothers and I spend our

vacation in my Lola’s house. It always feels like my
first home. It is already an old house. You could
already say it’s old because of the worn-out fences.
Still, I love spending
my summer there. When you go
inside, that musty smell welcomes
you or the smell of rice cakes
from the kitchen.
EXAMPLE:
Lola really loves to make rice cakes and my favorite is
‘suman’. Every day is a fun day. My brothers and I would
either play in Lola’s backyard with her dog, Bantay or we
go to the river nearby. In the next morning, she would
then cook delicious meals and they’re all tasty. Lola’s
home is always a happy home.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Description:
Topic 2

Definition, Exemplification
and Classification
Definition
→ The focus of this pattern is to explain or
give a comprehensive understanding of a
concept, a term or an idea.
→ You may define a term or a concept by its
characteristic, function, example, origin or
effect.
→ There are two types of definition—
scientific and subjective.
Scientific definition defines concepts in the
most factual way.
Subjective definition defines complex terms
in a personal way.
Bronchial Asthma

Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease that

may produce recurring episodes of breathing
problems. At the onset of asthma attack, the
linings in the airways of the lungs become
swollen. There is thick mucus. The muscles of
the airways tighten.
EXAMPLE:
I was once asked by my college
professor before, “What is passion?”
This is a typical question for a painter
and an artist like me. As they say, you
will never excel as an artist if you don’t
have passion within you. What is
‘passion’? My teacher once told me
that passion comes from a Latin root
‘pati-‘, meaning ‘suffering, or enduring’.
EXAMPLE:
From then on, my teacher taught me
that passion is not just something you
earn in a night or after studying arts.
It’s something you have to learn over
the course of life. I then learned that
passion is something I need to learn
to feel by enduring not just the highs
of life but also the downtimes. It also
goes with loving what I do.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Definition:
Exemplification and Classification

Exemplification is a pattern of development

wherein a writer uses examples to illustrate
and further explain an idea. By this pattern,
examples used clarify more the general idea
in the paragraph.
 Exemplification and
Classification
→ On the other hand, Classification divides and
organizes ideas or concepts in classes, groups or
categories based on criteria and relationships
between the items. This pattern helps the reader
understands even the complex and vast idea as it
will be classified.
Text 1: Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are a serious problem. One disorder

people think of most often is anorexia. The person is
afraid of gaining weight so he or she becomes
meticulous and controlling about the amount of food
he or she swallows. The inadequate food portions
make the body go into a starvation mode and if left
unchecked, it may lead to heart damage, stroke, and
death.
Another example of an eating disorder is bulimia.
With this disorder, the person is torn between his or
her desire for food and the desire not to gain
weight. Therefore, a vicious cycle of eating large
quantities of food followed by vomiting develops.
Over time, the vomiting may damage the esophagus
and the heart, and deteriorate the enamel of the
teeth.
My last case in point is binge eating. Food becomes a
crutch to ease unhappiness and stress felt in life. The
taste and texture of food are comforting which invites
overeating. This leads to a feeling of guilt, but the lure
of food overrides the feeling. The individual eats until
he becomes overweight or obese. Obesity leads to
heart disease as well as a higher risk of diabetes,
cancer, and arthritis. Many times, eating disorders are
a signal that a person is suffering from mental anguish,
however, they manifest as severe health problems.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Exemplification and
Classification:
Topic 3

Cause & Effect

and
Comparison & Contrast
Cause and Effect
→ This pattern of development discusses why
something happens and what results a
particular occurrence or event.
→ They can be discussed together. However, in a
particular paragraph, one or the other will be
emphasized. It may be a paragraph emphasizing a
cause or a paragraph emphasizing an effect.
EXAMPLE:

Several factors contribute to the frequent

use of different social media platforms by
teenagers. First, it is their way of connecting
to friends and widening their network of
friends. Since everyone is in Social Media,
they feel a need to be there and join group
conversations. It is their way of relating to
others.
EXAMPLE:

Second, teenagers tend to feel like

they might miss out if they aren't
always up to date with social media.
They can even stay online in a day and
they would never feel tired in just
scrolling.
EXAMPLE:
Lastly, because of boredom, they choose to
be occupied in their social media profiles
and continue connecting to other people.
However, being too much absorbed in
social media may result to a bad turn-out.
That’s why, parents should guide their
children and be updated on the things their
children explore.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Cause and Effect:
Comparison and Contrast
→ Comparing means looking on the
similarities. Contrasting means looking on
the differences. Thus, Comparison and
Contrast, as a pattern, discusses and
organizes ideas based on how people, events,
places and things are similar or different to
one another.
 Comparison and Contrast
→ There are two approaches that a writer can do
to discuss the similarities and difference. The
first one is separately. The writer describes the
first element then followed by the second
element. The second is side-by-side. The writer
discusses both items based on each point of
comparison and contrast.
EXAMPLE:

Mikko certainly loves his two best friends, Anton

and Abu. However, they have completely
diverse personalities. Although Anton and Abu
both have strict parents, their attitudes are very
different. Anton is very conservative and always
careful with his words.
EXAMPLE:

In contrast, Abu is very out-going and is always

careless when he talks. When it comes to hobbies,
they are also different. Anton loves reading books
while Abu loves fishing in the river. However, even
though they are totally different, they all agree on
one thing, and that is playing basketball. That’s how
they always bond and keep their friendship.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Comparison
and Contrast:
Topic 4

Problem-Solution
and
Persuasion
Problem-Solution

→ In this pattern of development, the writer

presents a problem that needs to be resolved.
The paragraph states a concerning issue or a
problem then next is the solution or what
should be done to solve the issue.
Problem-Solution

→ A paragraph that uses problem-solution

has three main parts: topic sentence
introduces the solution to a problem, body
sentences explain the problem and solution
and ending sentence which calls readers to
action.
EXAMPLE:

Obesity among adults showed a

gradually increasing trend as it has
become one of the major
problems in the Philippines
nowadays. This problem is made
worse by bad habits such as lack
of physical activity, excessive
smoking and unhealthy diets.
EXAMPLE:

Aside from healthier eating habits, one solution

to this would be to exercise on a daily basis.
There are even easy and convenient ways to
exercise at home or even at work. That’s why,
before it’s too late, obese adults should take
this into consideration before it aggravates and
might lead to more complicated illnesses.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Problem-
Solution:
Persuasion

→ In this pattern, the writer describes an

issue and states his position in the issue.
The writer’s primary goal is to convince the
readers to agree with the argument or claim
being raised, based from a particular topic.
Persuasion

→ A persuasive paragraph starts with a topic

sentence. It states position or stand about
something. The body sentences explain the
reasons supporting the position or stand, and
the closing sentence reiterates or intensifies
the thesis statement.
EXAMPLE:

Education is a right and not just a privilege.

First of all, one of the rights of a child is the
right to education. He has the right to learn,
to know, to explore and to discover. Thus,
education must be available for all without
discrimination. Not one’s status in the
society should dictate if one deserves quality
education or not.
EXAMPLE:

As observed, illiteracy of some affects everyone.

Meanwhile, this problem of illiteracy happens
to someone who can’t afford school and is
usually in the marginalized sectors. Basically,
education heals ignorance. Therefore, let
education be given to everyone. Hence,
education is and should be a right. Government
should strengthen and empower education for
all.
Here are some key points for you to remember about Persuasion: