University of Finance and

Marketing
Faculty of Foreign Languages

Sentences
Definition Classification
A SENTENCE
A group of words
beginning with a
capital letter &
ending with a (.),
(?) , (!)
form a complete idea
make a
statement
ask a question
Make a request
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
1. Subject
6. Complement
2. Predicate
7. Adverbial
3. Verb
8. Vocative
4. Direct Object
9. Exclamation
5. Indirect Object
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
1. Would you like a cup of tea, John? Vocative
2. My sister is an accountant. Predicate
3. That man drives very carefully.Verb, adverbial
4. She drives me crazy. DO, OC
5. She is at school. Adverbial
6. My goodness, this is a heavy box.Exclamation
7. Can you lend me your book? S, IO
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Predicate
- everything that is not part of the
subject of the sentence

My sister is an accountant.
That man drives very carefully.
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Vocative
- word or group of words used to
address someone or something directly

Would you like a cup of tea, John?

Come here, my dear!
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Exclamation
- word or group of words that
expresses strong emotion, such as
surprise or pain or pleasure, or that is
used to attract someone’s attention
Look, he is coming!
My goodness, this is a heavy box.
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Subject
- is the word or group of words that
names the person or thing being talked
about in the sentence

My sister is an accountant.
That man drives very carefully.
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Verb
- word or group of words that says
something about what the subject of the
sentence is doing, what is happening to
the subject of the sentence, etc.

My sister is an accountant.
That man drives very carefully.
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Direct object
- person or thing that is most directly
affected by the action or state
described by the verb

My sister has a big house .

The boy is bouncing the ball against
the wall.
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Indirect object
- person or thing that the direct object
is given to or done for, etc.

She bought her sister a shirt.

Can you lend me your book?
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Complement
- word or group of words that says
something about the subject or object
of a sentence
She is a teacher.
She drives me crazy.
They called him John.
 Basic Elements of a Sentence
Adverbial
- word or group of words that provides
information about when, where, why, how,
etc. the action or state described in a
sentence takes place, or that makes some
comment about what is said in the rest of
the sentence
She is at school.
She drives carefully.
 Sentence Types

By Clause Structure By Function

Simple sentences Declarative sentences
Compound sentences Interrogative sentences
Complex sentences Exclamatory sentences
Compound-complex sentences Imperative sentences
 Sentence Types

By Clause Structure
Simple sentences
Compound sentences
Complex sentences
Compound-complex sentences
 Simple sentences

1. Mary is opening the letter.

2. All flowers and foodstuffs will be delivered freshly the
following day.
3. You boys will have to work very hard if you’re going to
pass your exams. And you must start right away.
4. There must be something worrying her.
5. Can I help you, madam?
6. Gosh, that’s amazing!
 Simple sentences
-Including one finite clause.
-no co-ordination or subordination of clauses
Mary is opening the letter. (one S+ one P)

1. All flowers and foodstuffs will be delivered

freshly the following day. (compound S)
2. You boys will have to work very hard if you’re
going to pass your exams. And you must start
right away.
3. There must be something worrying her.
4. Can I help you, madam? 6. Gosh, that’s amazing!
WORK IN PAIRS
MAKING SIMPLE SENTENCES
BY ASKING AND ANSWERING
 Compound sentences
1. You can go and I will stay.
2. Either she goes or I do.
3. He looked at her, scratched his head
and laughed.
4. He came in, he looked at us, he left
again.
 Compound sentences
A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of
two or more co-ordinate clauses.
1. You can go and I will stay.
2. Either she goes or I do.
3. He looked at her, scratched his
head and laughed.
4. He came in, he looked at us, he
left again. (no conjunction)
MAKING COMPOUND SENTENCES
 Complex sentences
1. I’ll tell you when I get home.
2. He said that he had finished what he was
doing.
3. Being aware of the dangers ahead, he
took a different route.
4. I did it because I love you and (because)
we need the money. (conjunction added)
 Complex sentences
A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of one
main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
1. I’ll tell you when I get home.
2. He said that he had finished what he
was doing.
3. Being aware of the dangers ahead, he
took a different route.
4. I did it because I love you and
(because) we need the money.
(conjunction added)
MAKING COMPLEX SENTENCES
 Compound-Complex sentences
1. I’ll go with her and show her that
there are no monsters under her
bed.
2. Come if you can and I’ll meet you
there.
 Compound-Complex sentences
-Consist of two or more main clauses and at least
one subordinate clause.
1. I’ll go with her and show her that
there are no monsters under her
bed.
2. Come if you can and I’ll meet you
there.
WORK IN YOUR GROUP
MAKING A SHORT CONVERSATION
USING VARIOUS SENTENCE TYPES
 Preparation
It Is Said That / He Is Said To (passive)

1. People say that he lives abroad now.

2. People believe that he is the hero of the
town.
3. They say (that) the man is a thief.
4. We understand that he dislikes children.
5. They say that he was very rich in the past.
6. People claim that he left the country two
months ago.
 Preparation
It Is Said That / He Is Said To (passive)

7. People think that he has deserted his family.

8. We think he is waiting there now.
9. People say he was working very hard.
10.People expect that the rate of exchange will
go down soon.
11.They say that a lot of electrical appliances
are stolen every day.
12.They report that two people were killed in
the explosion.
 Positive sentences
A positive sentence is a sentence that
doesn’t include a negative word, such as
not (n’t), never, no, nobody, nowhere,
nothing, none, nor or neither.
1.I’ll go with her.
2.Come if you can and I’ll meet
you there.
 Negative sentences
A negative sentence is a sentence that
has a negative word in it, such as not
(n’t), never, no, nobody, nowhere,
nothing, none, nor or neither.
1. I don’t like curry.
2. Please don’t go.
3. I’ve never been to India.
 Negative sentences
Position of Negative Adverbs
• Aux V + negative Adv +Lexical V
We have never been to India.
I have not been sleeping well lately.
• Do/does/ did +not +lexical V
He does not know what he’s doing.
 Negative sentences
Position of Negative Adverbs
• The verb be is both an Auxiliary and a
lexical verb.
1. She isn’t coming. (Aux)
2. She isn’t ready yet. (linking verb)
• The verb Have, Dare, Need may be
treated as Aux or as lexical verb.
1. I don’t have any money.
2. I haven’t got any money.
 Interrogative sentences and Question tags
• An interrogative sentence is a sentence that
asks a question.
• Three types of questions:
 Wh-questions
Who was that at the door?
 Yes/no questions
Have you ever been to Italy?
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
 Alternative questions
 Question tags
• A tag question is a short question form
used at the end of a sentence to ask for
confirmation that the listener agrees
with what has been said or that what
has been said is true.
It was a great party, wasn’t it?
That’s not really true, is it?
 Question tags
• After a positive statement, the question tag is usually
negative and visa versa.
You are coming with us, aren’t you?
You can’t speak Japanese, can you?
• The verb in the question tag mirrors the verb in the
main part of the sentence.
We should have gone to visit your aunt,
shouldn’t we?
She likes Beethoven’s music, doesn’t she?
I am silly, aren’t I?
I don’t think she is coming, is she?
 Active and Passive Sentences
• A sentence with a verb in the active voice is an
active sentence.
• The verb is said to be in the active voice if the
subject of a transitive verb is the person or thing
that perform the action of the verb.
She broke the vase.
A fox killed all my hens
 Active and Passive Sentences
• A sentence with a verb in the
passive voice is a passive sentence.
• The verb is said to be in the active
voice if the subject of a transitive
verb is the person or thing that
receives the action of the verb.
The vase was broken by Sam.
 Active and Passive Sentences
Formation:
• A passive verb is form with the auxiliary verb be
and the past participle of a lexical verb.
They planted the tree in the garden.Was planted
• The direct object of the verb Subject of a
corresponding verb
• The subject the complement of the preposition
by
The tree was planted in the garden by them.
(passive): used as Aux to form passive.
 It Is Said That / He Is Said To (passive)

1. People say that he lives abroad now.

2. People believe that he is the hero of the
town.
3. They say (that) the man is a thief.
4. We understand that he dislikes children.
5. They say that he was very rich in the past.
6. People claim that he left the country two
months ago.
 It Is Said That / He Is Said To (passive)

7. People think that he has deserted his family.

8. We think he is waiting there now.
9. People say he was working very hard.
10.People expect that the rate of exchange will
go down soon.
11.They say that a lot of electrical appliances
are stolen every day.
12.They report that two people were killed in
the explosion.
13. People believed that Mr. Brown
owned a lot of land in the north.
14. They thought that the
prisoners had escaped.