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Unit 1 Overview - COA BTech IV B

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Unit 1 Overview - COA BTech IV B

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Computer Organization

and Architecture
Unit 1 : Overview

Prepared by :
Prof. Khushbu Chauhan
Computer Engg. Dept.
MPSTME, NMIMS
Outlines
• Introduction
• General Organization and architecture
• Structural/functional view of a computer
• Computer Functional Components
Introduction
• A computer is an electronic device that used for storing, processing and retrieving the
information. It is an Electronic device which accept data from User and manipulates or
process it according to instruction which gives correct output. It can solve highly
complicated problems quickly and accurately.
• A computer is a complex system; contemporary computers contain millions of
elementary electronic components. How, then, can one clearly describe them? The key
is to recognize the hierarchical nature of most complex systems, including the
computer. A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems, each of the latter, in
turn, hierarchical in structure until we reach some lowest level of elementary
subsystem.
Introduction
• Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a
programmer or, put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact
on the logical execution of a program. It is a design implementation for the
various parts of a computer. A term that is often used interchangeably with
computer architecture is instruction set architecture (ISA). The ISA defines
instruction formats, instruction opcodes, registers, instruction and data
memory; the effect of executed instructions on the registers and memory;
and an algorithm for controlling instruction execution.
Introduction
• Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections
that realize the architectural specifications. It deals with structural relationship.
Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set, the number of
bits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O
mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory. Organizational attributes
include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control
signals; interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory
technology used.
Block Diagram of Computer
Computer Evolution
Structure and Function
• The hierarchical nature of complex systems is essential to both their design and their
description. The designer need only deal with a particular level of the system at a time.
At each level, the system consists of a set of components and their interrelationships.
The behavior at each level depends only on a simplified, abstracted characterization of
the system at the next lower level. At each level, the designer is concerned with
structure and function:

• Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated.

• Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure


Structure
• simple single-processor computer provides a hierarchical view of the internal
structure of a traditional single-processor computer. There are four main structural
components:
• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and performs
its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
• Main memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment
The Computer: Top-Level Structure
• System interconnection (Buses):
Some mechanism that provides
for communication among CPU,
main memory, and I/O. A
common example of system
interconnection is by means of a
system bus, consisting of a
number of conducting wires to
which all the other components
attach
• Core: An individual processing unit on a processor chip. A core may be equivalent
in functionality to a CPU on a single-CPU system. Other specialized processing
units, such as one optimized for vector and matrix operations, are also referred
to as cores.

• Processor: A physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores. The


processor is the computer component that interprets and executes instructions.
If a processor contains multiple cores, it is referred to as a multicore processor
• multicore computer structure: Contemporary computers generally have multiple

processors. When these processors all reside on a single chip, the term multicore

computer is used, and each processing unit (consisting of a control unit, ALU, registers,

and perhaps cache) is called a core.

• Central processing unit (CPU): That portion of a computer that fetches and executes

instructions. It consists of an ALU, a control unit, and registers. In a system with a single

processing unit, it is often simply referred to as a processor


Function
• Both the structure and functioning of a
computer are, in essence, simple. In
general terms, there are only four basic
functions that a computer can perform:
• Data processing: Data may take a
wide variety of forms, and the
range of processing requirements
is broad. However, we shall see
that there are only a few
fundamental methods or types of
data processing.
• Data storage: Even if the computer is processing data
on the fly (i.e., data come in and get processed, and
the results go out immediately), the computer must
temporarily store at least those pieces of data that
are being worked on at any given moment. Thus,
there is at least a short-term data storage function.
Equally important, the computer performs a long-
term data storage function. Files of data are stored on
the computer for subsequent retrieval and update
• Data movement: The computer’s operating
environment consists of devices that serve as
either sources or destinations of data. When data
are received from or delivered to a device that is
directly connected to the computer, the process is
known as input– output (I/O), and the device is
referred to as a peripheral. When data are moved
over longer distances, to or from a remote device,
the process is known as data communications.
• Control: Within the computer, a
control unit manages the
computer’s resources and
orchestrates the performance of
its functional parts in response to
instructions.
Computer Components: Top-Level View
I/O Components
• Data and instructions must be put into the system. For this we need some
sort of input module.
• This module contains basic components for accepting data and
instructions in some form and converting them into an internal form of
signals usable by the system.
• A means of reporting results is needed, and this is in the form of an
output module. Taken together, these are referred to as I/O components
Main Memory (Temporary Storage)

• An input device will bring instructions and data in sequentially. But a


program is not invariably executed sequentially; it may jump around.

• Similarly, operations on data may require access to more than just one
element at a time in a predetermined sequence. Thus, there must be a
place to store temporarily both instructions and data.

• That module is called memory, or main memory, to distinguish it from


external storage or peripheral devices.
CPU Registers
• MAR (Memory Address Register)

• MBR (Memory Buffer Register)

• PC (Program Counter)

• IR (Instruction Register)

• AC (Accumulator-Temporary Register)

• I/O AR (Input-Output Address Register)

• I/O BR (Input-Output Buffer Register)


MAR and MBR (CPU Data Exchange)

• The CPU exchanges data with memory. For this purpose, it


typically makes use of two internal (to the CPU) registers:
• Memory address register (MAR), which specifies the address in
memory for the next read or write.
• Memory buffer register (MBR), which contains the data to be
written into memory or receives the data read from memory.
I/O Address and Buffer Registers

• Similarly, an I/O address register (I/O AR) specifies a particular


I/O device.
• An I/O buffer (I/O BR) register is used for the exchange of data
between an I/O module and the CPU.
Memory Locations and I/O
• A memory module consists of a set of locations, defined by sequentially
numbered addresses.
• Each location contains a binary number that can be interpreted as either
an instruction or data.
• An I/O module transfers data from external devices to CPU and memory,
and vice versa. It contains internal buffers for temporarily holding these
data until they can be sent on.
• At a top level, a computer consists of CPU (central processing unit), memory, and I/O
components, with one or more modules of each type. These components are
interconnected in some fashion to achieve the basic function of the computer, which is
to execute programs. Thus, at a top level, we can characterize a computer system by
describing (1) the external behavior of each component, that is, the data and control
signals that it exchanges with other components, and (2) the interconnection structure
and the controls required to manage the use of the interconnection structure.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PujjqfUhtNo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWRse5BMCvk
Discussion…
Thank You

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