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1-Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis Using R or Python-14!12!2024

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2 views

1-Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis Using R or Python-14!12!2024

Uploaded by

yash2004kaushik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Data is a gathered body of facts

• Data is the central thread of any activity


• Understanding the nature of data is most
fundamental for proper and effective use of
statistical skills

Types of data
1
• Based on their mathematical properties, data
are divided into four groups: NOIR
 Nominal
 Ordinal
 Interval
 Ratio
• They are ordered with their increasing
 accuracy
 powerfulness of measurement
 preciseness
 wide application of statistical techniques
Types of data
8
• Nominal means name and count; data are
alphabetic or numerical in name only
• They are categories without order or
direction
• Their use is restricted to keeping track of
people, objects and events
• They are least powerful in measurement
with no arithmetic origin, order, direction
or distance relationship
• Hence nominal data is of restricted or
limited use
Types of data
9
• Gender, marital status or any
alphabetic/ numeric code without
intrinsic order or ranking
Sl. No. Subject Code

1 Physics P
2 Chemistry C
3 Mathematics M
4 Biology B
Types of data
10
Ordinal
Data
• Ordinal means rank or order
• Ordinal data place events in order; They are
ordered categories like rankings or scaling
• Ordinal data allows for setting up
inequalities and nothing much
• Adjacent ranks need not be equal in their
differences
• Has no absolute value (only relative
position in the inequality)
• More precise comparisons are not
possible
Types of data
11
Ordinal Data

• Ordinal data is a kind of categorical data with a set order or scale to


it. For example, ordinal data is said to have been collected when a
responder inputs his/her financial happiness level on a scale of 1-10.
In ordinal data, there is no standard scale on which the difference in
each score is measured.
• Considering the example highlighted above, let us assume that 50
people earning between $1000 to $10000 monthly were asked to
rate their level of financial happiness.
• An undergraduate earning $2000 monthly may be on an 8/10 scale,
while a father of 3 earning $5000 rates 3/10. This is to show that the
scale is usually influenced by personal factors and not due to a set
rule.
• Interval data in addition to ranking
(setting up inequalities) further allow
for forming differences
• For interval data there is no absolute
zero; unique origin does not exists
• Interval data are more powerful than
ordinal scale due to equality of intervals
Examples:
• Temperature in Fahrenheit,
Standardised scores
Types of data
13
• Ratio data allow for forming quotients in
addition to setting up inequalities and forming
differences
• All mathematical operations (manipulations
with real numbers) are possible on ratio data
• It can have an absolute or true zero and
represent the actual amount/ value
• The most precise data and allow for
application of all statistical techniques
Examples:
• Height, weight, age
Types of data
14
Rol Name Gender Rank Height Weigh
l t In
No. Kgs
1 Amar M 9 4’ 8” 51

2 Asha F 1 3’ 10” 39

3 Bhaskar M 5 4’ 5” 48

4 Chandru M 3 4’ 3” 41

Types of data 11
Relation among data types

Types of data 14
Discrete and Continuous
Data
• Numerical data could be either discrete or
continuous
• Continuous data can take any numerical value
(within a range); For example, weight, height,
etc.
• There can be an infinite number of possible
values in continuous data
• Discrete data can take only certain values by
a finite ‘jumps’, i.e., it ‘jumps’ from one value
to another but does not take any intermediate
value between them (For example, number of
students in the class)
Types of data 15
• A good example to distinguish discrete data
from continuous data is digital and analogue
meter or clock where digital is discrete and
analog is continuous

Types of data 16
• Continuous data is more precise than discrete
• Continuous data is more informative than discrete
• Continuous data can remove estimation and rounding of
measurements
• Continuous data is often more time consuming to
obtain
• Discrete should also be converted to continuous data when possible
as to obtain a higher level of information and detail

Types of data 17
Examples of conversion of
discrete to continuous
data

Types of data 18

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