PHY101_ MODULE 3: Lecture 1 of 4
Felix OLISE, PhD
Professor of Physics
Room G20
Physics Wing, White House
[email protected] [email protected]Acknowledgement:Walker, Halliday and Resnick 10th Edition
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5-1 Newton's First and Second Laws
A force:
o
Is a “push or pull” acting on an object: Causes acceleration
Newton's three laws of motion (Valid only in Inertial frames):
o
Newtonian mechanics is valid for everyday situations
o
not valid at speeds close to the speed of light, c.
o
not valid for objects of atomic size or smaller
o
Friction is a force!
Net force – Vectorial Sum of all forces: Superposition Principle for forces
5-1 Newton's First and Second Laws
Generally, assume the ground is an inertial frame
5-1 Newton's First and Second Laws
Mass: the characteristic relationship between body's accel. to the net force
o
is a measure of body’s resistance to change in motion (change in velocity)
o
It is not the same as weight, density, size/inversely proportional to accel.
Eq. (5-1)
Identify object of interest, and only include forces acting on the object!
Force Diagram is Necessary!
You must separate the problem axes:
Eq. (5-2)
Newton’s 1st & 2nd Laws, Examples of Particular Forces
System of bodies:
External force/Net force on a system = sum of external forces
Internal forces: Not included in a FBD of the system since internal forces
cannot accelerate the system
do not confuse a free body diagram of an entire system with free body
diagrams of individual bodies within a system.
The gravitational force: pull on a body, directed toward a second body
(Earth) Eq. (5-3)
Eq. (5-4)
Weight: name of gravitational force that one body (like the Earth)
exerts on an object
5-2 Examples of Particular Forces
Normal force: block resting on a horizontal
surface:
Accelerating vertically at ay:
Eq. (5-5)
o
Vertically at rest: Eq. (5-6)
Frictional force, f: when one object slides/attempts to slide over
another. Directed along the surface in the opposite direction.
Tension force, T: A cord (or rope, etc.) is attached to a body and
pulled
5-3 Applying Newton's Laws
Objects interact when they push or pull on each other:
We can write this law as a scalar or vector relation:
Eq. (5-7)
We call these two forces a third-law force pair
Any time any two objects interact, there is a third-law force
pair
5-3 Applying Newton's Laws
Example: Block, S of mass M = 3.3 kg, connected by a cord and
pulley to a hanging block, H of mass m = 2.1 kg, slides across a
frictionless surface
Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2
5-3 Applying Newton's Laws
Draw the forces involved
Treat string as
unstretchable, pulley as
massless and frictionless,
and each block as a
particle
Draw a FBD for each
mass
Apply Newton's 2nd law
(F = ma) to each
block → 2 simultaneous
equations.
Eliminate unknowns (T)
that are the same, and
solve
Figure 1-3 for the acceleration
5-3 Applying Newton's Laws
For the sliding block:
Eq. (5-8)
For the hanging block:
Eq. (5-9)
Combining we get:
Eq. (5-21) Eq. (5-10)
Plugging in we find a = 3.8 m/s2 and T = 13 N
Check if it makes sense? Check that dimensions are
correct, check that a < g, check that T < mg (otherwise
acceleration would be upward)
5-3 Applying Newton's Laws
Sample Problem A block pulled up a ramp:
Figure 1-4
