LIPIDS

GROUP 4
WHAT’S OUR PREVIOUS
LESSON AGAIN?
* Biomolecules: Tiny things in living things that help them work.
* Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches that give you energy.
* Polysaccharide: Big chains of sugars, like stored energy or building
stuff.
* Disaccharide: Two sugars stuck together.
* Monosaccharide: One simple sugar.
* Glucose: A simple sugar your body uses for energy.
* Fructose: A sweet sugar found in fruits.
* Glycogen: Stored sugar in animals, like a backup battery.
* Cellulose: A tough sugar that makes up plant walls.
OBJECTIVES:

• A. Define Lipids and It’s structural types.

• B.Illustrate structure formula of some commn fatty acids.
• C.Give Concise examples
LIPIDS

• Lipids are greasy or oily substances that don’t mix with water.
They’re found in all living things and include things like fats, oils,
and waxes. They’re important for storing energy and building cell
parts.
FOODS RICH IN LIPIDS:
STRUCTURAL TYPES:

*CARBOXYLIC ACIDS/FATTY ACIDS

*TRIGLYCERIDES/NEUTRAL FATS
*STEROIDS
*WAXES
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS/FATTY ACIDS
*Carboxylic acids are chemical compounds that have a special group
of atoms that make them act like acids, and they’re found in lots of
things like food and living things.

*The most important part of a carboxylic acid is a special group of atoms

called a “carboxyl group.

*This group is made of a carbon atom (C) that’s connected to an oxygen

atom (O) with a double bond (like they’re holding hands really tightly).
And another oxygen atom that’s also connected to a hydrogen atom
(OH). So, it’s like a little chemical tag that says “I’m a carboxylic acid!”
 FATTY ACIDS
• Lipids that contain one or more long-chain carboxylic acids are
called fatty acids

• These are insoluble in water but soluble in

nonpolar solvents
• When Aaron Jay accidentally mixed oil and water he observed that
they do not mix. He was late in his Chemistry class the following
morning but he was able to catch up the discussion of his teacher
on lipids. His teacher explained that oil and water do not mix
because they do not have the same polarity chains, They are
formed reaction between an alcohol and one or more long-chain
carboxylic acids.
• The most abundant of the lipids are the fats and
oils, also called triglycerides Table 4 below
shows the structures of common fatty acids. The
presence of double bonds in the fatty acids
lowers its melting point. At room temperature,
lauric acid is solid while linoleic acid is liquid
Fats are solids at room temperature and contain saturated fatty acids.
Aaron Jay still remembered that all saturated hydrocarbons contain single
bonds and they are produced only by animals. Examples of animal fats
are lard and butter.
Oils are liquids at room temperature and contain unsaturated
fatty acids. Again, he recalled that unsaturated hydrocarbons
contain one or more double bonds. Most oils, such as vegetable
oil, corn oil, and olive oil are produced by plants. Table 5 gives
the fatty acid content of some glycerides
TRIGLYCERIDES/NEUTRAL FATS
*Triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood and in your body’s fat tissues.
Think of them like little energy packages.
*They’re made of three (tri-) fatty acids stuck to a glycerol
“backbone
Your body makes triglycerides when you eat more calories than you burn.
* They also come from the fats and oils you eat.
* What they do:
* They’re your body’s main way of storing energy for later use.
* When your body needs energy, it breaks down triglycerides and releases the
fatty acids.
* Think of them as stored energy, like the extra batteries you keep in a drawer.
* Having too many triglycerides in your blood can be bad for your health.
* It can increase your risk of heart disease.
WAXES

• Formed by long-chain fatty acids esterified to long-

chain alcohols.
• Structure: Hydrophobic and serve as protective and
structural components.
• Functions: Found in plant cuticles, animal skin, and
insect exoskeletons.
STEROIDS

*characterized by a four ringed structure Made up of carbon rings

Examples: Cholesterol, hormones like testosterone and
estrogen.
Functions: Serve as signaling molecules, membrane
components, and precursors for other molecules.
Most important steroids is cholesterol is a sterol
because of the presence of alcohol or the hydroxyl
functional group.It is found mainly in animal cells
although cell membranes of plants may contain
small quantities of cholesterol as well as its major
derivatives, sitosterol.
CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all the cells in your
body. It’s actually really important! Your body needs cholesterol to make
things like:
* Hormones: These are like messengers that help different parts of your
body talk to each other.
* Vitamin D: This helps your body absorb calcium, which keeps your
bones strong.
* Cell membranes: These are like the walls that surround each of your
cells, keeping everything inside safe.
* Bile acids: These help you digest fats.
• Your liver makes all the cholesterol your body needs, but you also get
some from the foods you eat, like meat, eggs, and dairy products.
Shows the unique structure of cholesterol which consists of four linked
hydrocarbon rings forming the bulky steroid structure. There is a hydrocarbon tail
linked to one end of the steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to the other end.
Cholesterol is known as a “sterol” because it contains an alcohol functional group-
OH. Cholesterol is present in most animal membranes with varying amounts but is
absent in prokaryotes
WHY IS CHOLESTEROL IMPORTANT?
• Cholesterol plays an important role in eukaryotes and especially abundant in
cell membranes of animal cells. Small amount of cholesterol can also be found
in the membrane of some organelles inside the cells, such as the
mitochondrion and the endoplasmic reticulum. It is not only abundant in cell
membrane, but also in brain tissues of the nervous system. An important
nerve cell, myelin, covers nerve axons to help conduct the electrical impulses
that make movement, sensation, thinking, learning, and remembering
possible. Studies have shown that cholesterol was found to be the most
important factor in the formation of synapses, which greatly affect our
memory and learning ability. Animals are able to use cholesterol to synthesize
other steroids like cortisone, testosterone, and estrogen.

Although cholesterol is an essential lipid for humans, excessive levels of

cholesterol in the blood can lead to deposits in the arteries of the heart. These
arterial deposits are a leading cause of heart disease
CALORIES
Calories are provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Fats have the highest concentration of calories. On the
average, that’s nine calories per gram of pure fat. Proteins
and carbohydrates each have four calories per gram of
pure protein or pure carbohydrate on the average. So
understanding the role of calories in your diet can help
you balance your calories in with your calories out, and
help you achieve weight management goals.
AARON JAY’S JOURNEY TO THE WORLD OF CARBOHYDRATES
AND LIPIDS GAVE HIM A CLEARER VIEW OF THE IMPORTANCE
OF THESE BIOMOLECULES IN PROVIDING THE BODY WITH
ENERGY. HOWEVER, HE STILL WANTS TO KNOW WHICH TYPE
OF MOLECULE HAS THE HIGHER CALORIE CONTENT
• On the sample Nutrition Facts label, the
serving size of this food is 1 cup and there
are 2 servings in this container. There are
260 calories per serving of this food. If you
eat the entire container of this product,
you will eat 2 servings. That means you
double the calories (260 x 2= 520 calories)
If you eat 2 servings, you will have eaten
over 500 calories
IN CONCLUSION,EVEN THOUGH SOME
LIPIDS LIKE CHOLESTEROL GET A BAD
RAP, THEY’RE ALL IMPORTANT IN THE
RIGHT AMOUNTS. EATING A BALANCED
DIET AND STAYING ACTIVE IS THE
BEST WAY TO KEEP YOUR BODY’S LIPID
LEVELS HEALTHY.