Lecture 2

NETWORK REVIEW

Third Year
Second Semester
IT Department
Prepared by:
Eng. Mohammed H. Al-Marhabi
  Data communication systems

A data communications system has five components

1.Message. is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular
forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and
video.
2.Sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on
3.Receiver. is the device that receives the message. It can be a
  Data communication
systems(cont.)
4. Transmission medium. is the physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission
media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and
radio waves.
5. Protocol. a set of rules that govern data communications. It
represents an agreement between the communicating devices.
Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not
communicating.
  Data Representation
1. Text: in data communications, text is represented as a bit pattern, a
sequence of bits (0s or 1s). Different sets of bit patterns have been designed
to represent text symbols. Each set is called a code, and the process of
representing symbols is called coding. The American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII), developed some decades ago in the
United States, now constitutes the first 127 characters in Unicode and is also
referred to as Basic Latin..

2. Numbers: Numbers are also represented by bit patterns. However, a

code such as ASCII is not used to represent numbers; the number is directly
converted to a binary number to simplify mathematical operations.

3. Images: are also represented by bit patterns. In its simplest form, an

image is composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel
is a small dot. The size of the pixel depends on the resolution. After an image
is divided into pixels, each pixel is assigned a bit pattern. The size and the
value of the pattern depend on the image.
 Data Representation(cont.)

4. Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound

or music. Audio is by nature different from text, numbers, or
images. It is continuous, not discrete. Even when we use a
microphone to change voice or music to an electric signal, we
create a continuous signal.

5. Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture

or movie. Video can either be produced as a continuous entity
(e.g., by a TV camera), or it can be a combination of images,
each a discrete entity, arranged to convey the idea of motion.
 Data Flow

Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way

street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive.
The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send
data in one direction.

Half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but
not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa. the entire capacity of a channel is taken over
by whichever of the two devices is transmitting at the time..
 Data Flow(cont.)

full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and

receive simultaneously. In full-duplex mode, signals
going in one direction share the capacity of the link
with signals going in the other direction. This sharing
can occur in two ways: Either the link must contain two
physically separate transmission paths, one for sending
and the other for receiving; or the capacity of the
 What is Network

■ Network is the interconnection of a set of devices

capable of communication.
■ In this definition, a device can be a host (or an end
system as it is sometimes called) such as a large
computer, desktop, laptop, workstation, cellular phone,
or security system.
■ A device in this definition can also be a connecting
device such as a router, a switch, a modem, and so on.
■ These devices in a network are connected using wired
or wireless transmission media such as cable or air.
  Type of Connection
1. Point-to-Point
■ A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices.
■ The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those
two devices.

2. Multipoint
■ A multipoint connection is one in which more than two specific devices share
a single link.
■ In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either
spatially or temporally.
  Physical Topology
1. Mesh Topology
we need n (n – 1) / 2 duplex-mode links.
  Physical Topology(cont.)

2. Star Topology
■ All device has dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,.
■ The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data to
another, it sends the data to the controller, which then relays the data
to the other connected device .
■ Star topology is less expensive than a mesh topology
■ Star topology has robustness. If one link fails, only that link is affected.
All other links remain active.
■ One big disadvantage of a star topology is the dependency of the
whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the
whole system is dead.
  Physical Topology(cont.)

2. Star Topology(cont.)
  Physical Topology(cont.)
3. Bus Topology
■ bus topology is multipoint.
■ One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
■ Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
■ limit on the number of taps a bus can support,because a signal travels
along the backbone lose its energy that is transformed into heat.
Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker as it travels farther and
farther.
■ Advantages of a bus topology include:
– ease of installation.
– a bus uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies.
  Physical Topology(cont.)
3. Bus Topology(cont.)
■ Disadvantages include
– difficult reconnection and fault isolation
– It can therefore be difficult to add new devices.
  Physical Topology(cont.)
4. Ring Topology
■ Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two
devices on either side of it.
■ A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device,
until it reaches its destination. Each device in the ring incorporates a
repeater. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its
repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along.
■ A ring is relatively easy to install and reconfigure. Each device is linked to
only its immediate neighbors (either physically or logically).
■ To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections. In
addition, fault isolation is simplified. Generally, in a ring a signal is
circulating at all times
■ Unidirectional traffic can be a disadvantage.
 Physical Topology(cont.)

4. Ring Topology(cont.)
  NETWORK TYPES
1. Local area network (LAN)
■ Is usually privately owned and connects some hosts in a single
office, building, or campus.
■ LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone’s
home office, or it can extend throughout a company and include
audio and video devices.
■ Each host in a LAN has an identifier, an address, that uniquely
defines the host in the LAN. A packet sent by a host to another
host carries both the source host’s and the destination host’s
addresses.
  NETWORK TYPES(cont.)
1. Local Area Network (LAN) (cont.)
  NETWORK TYPES(cont.)

2. Wide Area Network(WAN)

■ (WAN) is also an interconnection of devices capable of
communication.
■ The differences between a LAN and a WAN.
– A LAN is limited in size, spanning an office, a building, or a campus;
a WAN has a wider geographical span, spanning a town, a state, a
country, or even the world.
– A LAN interconnects hosts; a WAN interconnects connecting
devices such as switches, routers, or modems.
– A LAN is normally privately owned by the organization that uses it;
a WAN is normally created and run by communication companies
and leased by an organization that uses it.
 NETWORK TYPES(cont.)
2. Wide Area Network(WAN) (cont.)

■ We see two examples of WANs :

1. point-to-point WANs
is a network that connects two communicating devices
through a transmission media (cable or air).
 NETWORK TYPES(cont.)
2. Wide Area Network(WAN) (cont.)

2. Switched WAN
■ Is a network with more than two ends, used in the backbone of global
communication.
■ Is a combination of several point-to-point WANs that are connected by
Switches.
  NETWORK TYPES(cont.)
2. Wide Area Network(WAN) (cont.)

3. Internetwork
■ Today, it is very rare to see a LAN or a WAN in isolation; they are
connected to one another.
■ When two or more networks are connected, they make an
internetwork, or internet.
■ Now the company has an internetwork, or a private internet (with
lowercase i).
 NETWORK TYPES(cont.)
 Switching
■Network technologies can be divided into two
broad categories that depend on the interface
they provide:
1. connection oriented (sometimes called circuit-
switched).
2. connectionless (sometimes called packet-
switched).
  Switching (cont.)

1. Connection-Oriented (Circuit Switched) Networks:

■ C.S networks operate by forming a dedicated connection or circuit
between two points.
■ Older telephone systems used a connection oriented technology.
■ A telephone call established a connection from the originating phone
through the local switching office, across trunk lines, to a remote
switching office, and finally to the destination telephone.
■ While a connection was in place, the phone equipment sent voice
signals from the microphone to the receiver. Because it dedicates one
path in the network to each pair of communicating endpoints,
■ A connection-oriented system can guarantee that communication is
continuous and unbroken.
  Switching (cont.)

1. Connection-Oriented (Circuit Switched) Networks (cont.):

■ That is, once a circuit is established, no other network activity will decrease the
capacity of the circuit.
■ One disadvantage of connection-oriented technology arises from cost: circuit
costs are fixed, independent of use.
  Switching (cont.)

2. Connectionless (packet switched ) Networks:

■ This type use to connect computers
■ In a (P.C), data divide into small pieces called packets
■ A packet carries identification that enables the network hardware to
know how to send it to the specified destination.
■ The chief advantage of packet-switching is that multiple communications
among computers can proceed concurrently, with intermachine
connections shared by all pairs of computers that are communicating.
■ The disadvantage is that as activity increases, a given pair of
communicating computers receives less of the network capacity. That is,
whenever a packet switched network becomes overloaded, computers
using the network must wait before they can send additional packets
(DELAY).
  Switching (cont.)

2. Connectionless (packet switched ) Networks(cont.)

■ A router in a packet-switched network has a queue that can store and forward the
packet.
  The Internet
■ What is the different between
the internet and the Internet???
■ An internet (note the lowercase i) is two or more
networks that can communicate with each other.
■ The most notable internet is called the Internet
(uppercase I ), and is composed of thousands of
interconnected networks.
 The Internet (cont.)

■The Internet Service Providers(ISPs)

■ Backbones and provider networks are also called Internet
Service Providers (ISPs).
■ The backbones are often referred to as international ISPs;
■ The provider networks are often referred to as national or
regional ISPs.
Network
Models
 Network Models

1. ISO-OSI model
2. the TCP/IP protocol suite
  ISO Model
■ ISO is the organization; OSI is the model.
■ ISO: International Organization for Standardization:
is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
■ OSI: Open Systems Interconnection model
is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to
communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture.
 ISO Model (cont.)
 OSI model versus TCP/IP protocol suite