Lecture 3

NETWORK REVIEW

Third Year
Second Semester
IT Department
Prepared by:
Eng. Mohammed H. Al-Marhabi
Network
Models
 Network Models

1. The TCP/IP protocol suite

2. ISO-OSI model
 The TCP/IP protocol suite

■ TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

■ TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in
different layers) used in the Internet today. It is a
hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each
of which provides a specific functionality.
■ The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four
software layers built upon the hardware. Today, however,
TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model..
 The TCP/IP protocol suite
 The TCP/IP protocol suite
 The TCP/IP protocol suite
 The TCP/IP protocol suite

■ Using logical connections makes it easier for us to think

about the duty of each layer.
■ End-to-end duty :
Is the duty of the application, transport, and network
layers
■ Hop-to-hop duty:
Is the duty of the data-link and physical layers, in which a
hop is a host or router.
 Physical Layer

■ PHY Layer is responsible for carrying individual bits in a frame across the
link.
■ The communication between two devices at the physical layer is still a
logical communication because there is another, hidden layer, the
transmission media, under the physical layer.
■ The transmission medium does not carry bits; it carries electrical or
optical signals.
■ The logical unit between two physical layers in two devices is a bit.
■ The bits received in a frame from the data-link layer are transformed to
signal and sent through the transmission media.
■ The physical layer defines the type of encoding (how 0s and 1s are changed to signals).
■ There are several protocols that transform a bit to a signal.
 Physical Layer(cont.)

■ Other responsibilities of physical layer is

– The transmission rate (the number of bits sent each second) is also
defined by the physical layer.
– Line configuration.. a point-to-point configuration, or a multipoint
configuration, Physical topology: mesh, star, bus or ring.
– Transmission mode. Simplex mode or duplex mode
■ The devices that work in PHY layers are cables, repeaters and hub.
 Data-Link Layer

■ D.L layer is responsible for taking the datagram and

moving it across the link.
■ The link can be a wired LAN with a link-layer switch, a
wireless LAN, a wired WAN, or a wireless WAN.
■ We can also have different protocols used with any link
type. In each case, the data-link layer is responsible for
moving the packet through the link.
■ TCP/IP does not define any specific protocol for the data-
link layer. It supports all the standard and proprietary
protocols.
 Data-Link Layer(cont.)

■ The other responsibilities of the data link layer are:

– Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of
bits(packets) received from the network layer into
manageable data units called frames.
– Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to
different systems on the network, the data link layer
adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or
receiver of the frame.
– Flow control. the data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
– Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the
physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and
 Data-Link Layer(cont.)

■ Data-link Layer is divided into two Sub Layers :

1. LLC – Logical Link Control It talks about WAN
protocols
e.g. PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay.
2. MAC – Media Access Control It talks about Physical
Address. It is a 48 bit address
It is also responsible for Error Detection
■ Devices working on Data Link Layer are Switch, Bridge,
NIC.
 Network layer

■ The network layer is responsible for creating a

connection between the source computer and the
destination computer.
■ The communication at the network layer is host-to-
host (or end-to-end).
■ There can be several routers from the source to the
destination, the routers in the path are responsible for
choosing the best route for each packet.
 Network layer(cont.)

The main responsibilities of the network layer include the following:

■ Logical addressing. The physical addressing implemented by the data link
layer handles the addressing problem locally. If a packet passes the network
boundary, we need another addressing system to help distinguish the source
and destination systems. The network layer adds a header to the packet
coming from the upper layer that includes the logical addresses of the
sender and receiver.
■ Routing. When independent networks or links are connected to create
internetworks (network of networks) or a large network, the connecting
devices (called routers) route the packets to their final destination.
 Network layer(cont.)

The main protocol, in the Internet is Internet Protocol (IP),

■ IP defines the format of the packet, called a datagram at the
network layer. IP also defines the format and the structure of
addresses used in this layer.
■ IP is also responsible for routing a packet from its source to its
destination, which is achieved by each router forwarding the
datagram to the next router in its path using tables.
■ IP is a connectionless protocol that provides no flow control, no
error control, and no congestion control services.
■ The network layer also includes unicast (one-to-one) and multicast
(one-to-many) routing protocols.
 Network layer(cont.)

The network layer also has some auxiliary protocols

■ The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) helps IP to report
some problems when routing a packet.
■ The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) helps IP in
multitasking.
■ The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) helps IP to get
the network-layer address for a host.
■ The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol that helps IP
to find the link-layer address of a host or a router when its
network-layer address is given.
 Transport Layer

■ The logical connection at the transport layer is also end-

to-end (in this layer it is called process-to-process
delivery) .
■ A process is an application program running on a host.
■ The transport layer at the source host gets the message
from the application layer, encapsulates it in a transport
layer packet (called a segment or a user datagram in
different protocols) and sends it, through the logical
(imaginary) connection, to the transport layer at the
destination host.
■ In other words, the transport layer is responsible for giving
services to the application layer: to get a message from an
 Transport Layer(cont.)
Other responsibilities of the transport layer include the following:
■ Port addressing (Service-point addressing)..to deliver the entire message from a specific
process (running program) on one computer to a specific process (running program) on
the other.
■ Segmentation and reassembly. A message is divided into transmittable segments, with
each segment containing a sequence number. These numbers enable the transport layer
to reassemble the message correctly.
■ Connection control. connectionless or connection-oriented..
■ Flow control : matching the sending data rate of the source host with the receiving data
rate of the destination host to prevent overwhelming the destination.
 Transport Layer(cont.)

Other responsibilities of the transport layer include the following (cont.):

■ Congestion control to reduce the loss of segments due to congestion in the network.
■ Error control. is performed process-to-process rather than across a single link. Error
here is (damage, loss, or duplication).
■ Error correction is usually achieved through retransmission
 Transport Layer(cont.)

The main protocols in this layer are:

1- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
■ TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that first establishes
a logical connection between transport layers at two hosts
before transferring data. It creates a logical pipe between
two TCPs for transferring a stream of bytes.
■ TCP provides flow control, error control and congestion
control.
 Transport Layer(cont.)

The main protocols in this layer are(cont.):

2- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
■ UDP is a connectionless protocol that transmits user datagrams without
first creating a logical connection.
■ UDP is a simple protocol that does not provide flow, error, or congestion
control.
■ UDP is used with an application program that needs to send short
messages and cannot afford the retransmission of the packets involved
in TCP, when a packet is corrupted or lost.
3- A new protocol, Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
■ (SCTP) is designed to respond to new applications that are emerging in
the multimedia.
 Transport Layer(cont.)
 Application Layer

■ The application layer enables the user, whether human or software, to

access the network.
■ It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic
mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management, and
other types of distributed information services.
 Application Layer
The main protocols in this layer are
■ Protocol (HTTP) is a vehicle for accessing the World Wide Web (WWW).
■ The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the main protocol used in electronic mail
(e-mail) service.
■ The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for transferring files from one host to another.
The Terminal Network (TELNET) and Secure Shell (SSH) are used for accessing a site
remotely.
■ The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used by an administrator to
manage the Internet at global and local levels.
■ The Domain Name System (DNS) is used by other protocols to find the network-layer
address of a computer.
■ The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used to collect membership in a
group.
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation
 Encapsulation and
Decapsulation(cont.)
Encapsulation at the Source Host
1. At the application layer, the data to be exchanged is
referred to as a message that does not contain any header
or trailer, but if it does, we refer to the whole as the
message. The message is passed to the transport layer.
2. The transport layer takes the message as the payload,
and adds the transport layer header to it, which contains the
identifiers of the source and destination application
programs that want to communicate plus some more
information that is needed for the end-to-end delivery of the
message, such as information needed for flow, error control,
or congestion control. The result is the transport-layer
 Encapsulation and
Decapsulation(cont.)
Encapsulation at the Source Host (cont.)
3. The network layer takes the transport-layer packet as data or payload
and adds its own header to the payload. The header contains the
addresses of the source and destination hosts and some more
information used for error checking of the header, fragmentation
information, and so on. The result is the network-layer packet, called a
datagram. The network layer then passes the packet to the data-link
layer.
4. The data-link layer takes the network-layer packet as data or payload
and adds its own header, which contains the link-layer addresses of the
host or the next hop (the router). The result is the link-layer packet,
which is called a frame. The frame is passed to the physical layer for
transmission.
 Encapsulation and
Decapsulation(cont.)
Decapsulation and Encapsulation at the Router
At the router, we have both decapsulation and encapsulation
because the router is connected to two or more links.
1.After the set of bits are delivered to the data-link layer, this layer
decapsulates the datagram from the frame and passes it to the
network layer.
2.The network layer only inspects the source and destination
addresses in the datagram header and consults its forwarding table
to find the next hop to which the datagram is to be delivered. The
contents of the datagram should not be changed by the network
layer in the router
3.The data-link layer of the next link encapsulates the datagram in a
frame and passes it to the physical layer for transmission.
 Encapsulation and
Decapsulation(cont.)
Decapsulation at the Destination Host
At the destination host, each layer only decapsulates the
packet received, removes the payload, and delivers the
payload to the next-higher layer protocol until the message
reaches the application layer. It is necessary to say that
decapsulation in the host involves error checking.
 Addressing
 Multiplexing and
Demultiplexing
  ISO Model
■ ISO is the organization; OSI is the model.
■ ISO: International Organization for Standardization:
is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
■ OSI: Open Systems Interconnection model:
is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to
communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture.
 ISO Model (cont.)
 OSI model versus TCP/IP protocol suite