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3 Chapter 3 Valve Timing

Chapter 3 discusses valve gear and timing in internal combustion engines, emphasizing the role of valves in regulating air-fuel intake and exhaust processes. It details the types of valves, their operating mechanisms, and the importance of valve timing for engine performance, including the concept of valve overlap. The chapter also explains how to set valve timing using a timing diagram and the relationship between crankshaft and camshaft positions.

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26 views33 pages

3 Chapter 3 Valve Timing

Chapter 3 discusses valve gear and timing in internal combustion engines, emphasizing the role of valves in regulating air-fuel intake and exhaust processes. It details the types of valves, their operating mechanisms, and the importance of valve timing for engine performance, including the concept of valve overlap. The chapter also explains how to set valve timing using a timing diagram and the relationship between crankshaft and camshaft positions.

Uploaded by

Mieraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 3

VALVE GEAR AND VALVE TIMING


• In internal combustion engines induction and exhaust
processes give importance to the performance and
efficiency of the engine.
• In the two stroke engine the flow is regulated by the
piston covering and uncovering ports, but in the
four stroke engine the induction and exhaust
processes are controlled through valves.
• The four types of valves used are poppet, sleeve,
rotary, and disc valves.
• The most commonly used valve is the poppet valve.
Valve operating system
Valves
•Valves are essential part of the engine for intake of air fuel
mixture and to expel the burnt gases from the engine
cylinder to atmosphere.
•It is normal to have one inlet and one
exhaust valve and port per cylinder.
However, twin inlet and exhaust valve-
and-port layouts are also adopted for some
high-performance or large capacity
engines.
•Also, a few engines use twin inlets
but only one exhaust valve.
…Valves
 Intake valves handle cool, low pressure, low density charges whereas
exhaust valves handle hot, high pressure, high density gases.
 Therefore, exhaust valves are exposed to more severe operating
conditions, and hence are made from much higher quality materials than
intake valves.
 The intake valve needs to be larger than the exhaust valve to handle the
same gas mass (but of low density). From this view point the size of the
exhaust valves is approximately 85% of the intake valve.
Valves

Valve seat: Valve head is sitting on this circular hard disk to maintain a
good leak proof seal when closed. It has 30 or 45 degrees sit angle.
Valve Guide: Made from good quality bronze material
for guiding and lubricating valve stem during engine
operation.
Valve spring: High grade steel is used to load valve to
close during dwel period of cam lobe.
Seal: A rubber seal is mounted at the end of valve guide
to prevent oil leakage into cylinder during operation of
engine.
Collet:These two semi conical parts are used to lock
spring and valve.
Valve Mechanisms
Side Camshaft
with Push-rod Advantages:
(a) A comparatively simple short timing chain
and Rockers or simple gear train can be used.
(b) The rocker arm leverage provides a degree
of cam-profile lift multiplication which can be
transferred to the valve stem so that a smaller
cam lobe can be used.
(c) Adjustment and maintenance is easy and
can be carried without dismantling any
working engine components.
…Side Camshaft with Push-rod and Rockers
Disadvantages:
(a) During acceleration or operation at high engine
speeds, the push-rod-and-rocker assembly does not relay
the exact cam-profile lift to the valve, because of the
elasticity of the system and the resulting vibrations.

(b) Larger tappet clearances are required for the


expansion and contraction of very long valve-train
mechanism during operation.

(c) Due to the large number of contacting interface


joints, the system develops more wear as well as more
noise.
Overhead
Camshaft with a
Sliding Inverted
Advantages:
(a) This is the most compact and rigid cam-to-
valve mechanisms, which directly relay the
designed input cam-profile lift to the valve.
(b) If adequate lubrication is provided, very
little wear takes place since the valve stems
are not subjected to side-thrust.
(c) Tappet clearances are generally small and, once adjusted, are
maintained for a very long period.
Disadvantages:
(a) A much more elaborate drive between the crankshaft and the
camshaft is necessary.
(b) Lubrication has to be more accurately controlled and directed than
for other actuating mechanisms.
(c) Adjustment of tappets is relatively more difficult than in other
mechanisms.
Overhead Camshaft Advantages.
with Pivoted
(a) The use of the rocker-arm follower
Rocker-arm
provides a leverage ratio permitting a smaller
cam profile in the system.
(b) The pivot-arm follower has less inertia
than that of the sliding-bucket follower.
(c) A single overhead camshaft can operate
two separate rows of inlet and exhaust
valves.
(d) Adjustment of the tappet is normally
simple and straight-forward.
…Overhead Camshaft with Pivoted Rocker-arm

Disadvantages.
(a) Motion from the cam to the valve tends to bend the rocker-arm;
(b) Contact between the valve and rocker provides a degree of side-
thrust to the valve stem and guide.
(c) Wear and noise is relatively more than in the sliding bucket
follower due to an extra pivot joint in addition to the other two
contact interfaces.
 Valve timing refers to when the valves
open and close in relation to piston
position.
Intake stroke
- intake valve opens (theoretical stroke: at TDC)
- exhaust valve is closed (theoretically: since
TDC)
- piston moves downward
- distance TDC to BDC = 180° crank angle
- suction occurs / partial vacuum (-0.1 to -0.3
bar)
- air-fuel mixture (14.7 : 1) is drawn into the
cylinder
- intake valve closes (theoretical: at BDC)
- exhaust valve still closed
- piston moves upward (BDC to TDC = 180°)
- air-fuel mixture gets compressed to (1/7 to 1/12)
- air-fuel mixture is heated up (molecular motion)
- increasing heat causes higher pressure (18 bar)
- higher heat improves mixing of the gases
- both valves are still closed (theoretically: till
BDC)
- combustion is initiated by the spark from the
spark plug
- time from start of combustion till complete
combustion about 1/1000 sec
- combustion speed up to 20 m/s
- highest combustion pressure about 30 - 60 bar
at around 4° - 10° after TDC
- expansion of hot gases (up to 2500°C) forces the
piston downward (TDC to BDC = 180°)
- heat energy is transferred into mechanical
energy
- exhaust valve opens (theoretically: at BDC)
- intake valves remains closed (theoretically: till
TDC)
- due to residual pressure of 3-5 bar exhaust
gases leave the cylinder with sonic sound
- exhaust gas temperature still be around 900°
C
- piston moves upward (BDC to TDC = 180°)
- rest of exhaust gases pushed out with around
0.2 bar
- 4 strokes = 720° crank angle = 360° camshaft
angle
- 4 strokes = 2 crankshaft rotations = 1 camshaft
rotation
- each theoretical stroke is 180° crank angle
- spark ignition takes place at or before TDC
 There are two factors for the actual valve timing to
be different from the theoretical valve timing.
a). Mechanical factor – the poppet valves of the
reciprocating engines are opened and closed by cam
mechanisms. The clearance between cam, tappet
and valve must slowly taken up and valve slowly
lifted, at first, if the noise and wear is to be avoided.
b). Dynamic factor – Besides mechanical factor of
opening and closing of valves, the actual valve
timing is set taking in to consideration the dynamic
effects of the gas flow.
- High power output requires good input of (fuel-)
power = good filling with air-fuel mixture
- To get a good filling with fresh gases the
discharge of burned gases has to be
maximized.
- In order to improve the filling (to get a good
charge) of the engine, intake valve opens
already before TDC (45°-0° b.TDC) and closes
after BDC (35° - 90° a. BDC)
• exhaust valve opens before BDC (90° - 30°
b. BDC) and closes after TDC (0°-30° a.
TDC).
• Since intake opens already before TDC
meanwhile exhaust closes after TDC we get
a VALVE OVERLAP, a short period of time
during both valves are open, from I.O. till
E.C.
 Valve overlap means that the exhaust valve stays
open for a while, after the inlet valve has opened.
 Valve overlap helps scavenging (expel) the remaining

exhaust gases from the cylinder.


 Being aware of the course of valve motions during

valve overlap, the direction of rotation of an engine


can be determined
 Knowing the direction of rotation, the firing order of

a given engine can be determined again by observing


the sequence of the valve overlaps of the individual
cylinders.
• Using the clear understanding of valve
overlap and the strokes, it is easy to set
every engine to the correct position for
valve adjustment
• Valve timings can be shown in a VALVE
TIMING DIAGRAM. Most common are
representations in form of a coil.
Intake valve
• starts to open at
6o BTDC.
•closes 40o ABDC.

Exhaust valve
• starts to open at
31o BBDC.
•closes 9o ATDC.
(a) Set the crankshaft in the position in which one of the valves should open or

close. (It is usual to work on the opening point of the inlet valve, but any other

point can be used.)

(b) Set the camshaft in the position in which it is about to open the inlet valve

(or whatever point chosen).

(c) Connect up the drive to the camshaft.


 The timing gear or sprocket is keyed to the crankshaft and can be
fitted in one position only. The camshaft gear or sprocket is
similarly fixed to the camshaft in such a way that it can be
attached in one position only.
 By lining up marked teeth on these gears, the crankshaft and
camshaft are placed in the correct positions for connecting up the
camshaft drive. These gears are hidden inside the timing cover when
assembled.
Example (4 cylinder engine):
• cylinder No. 4 is at overlap (= begin of intake stroke)
•No. 1 will be at beginning of power stroke
firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4
firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

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