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Swms

The document provides an overview of solid and hazardous wastes, defining solid waste as materials discarded from human and animal activities, including various categories such as municipal, industrial, commercial, and hazardous waste. It discusses the characteristics of solid waste, including physical, chemical, and biological properties that influence waste management and disposal methods. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding these characteristics for effective waste processing and recovery.

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destazebirhan
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19 views25 pages

Swms

The document provides an overview of solid and hazardous wastes, defining solid waste as materials discarded from human and animal activities, including various categories such as municipal, industrial, commercial, and hazardous waste. It discusses the characteristics of solid waste, including physical, chemical, and biological properties that influence waste management and disposal methods. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding these characteristics for effective waste processing and recovery.

Uploaded by

destazebirhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter one

Sources and Characteristics of


Solid and Hazardous Wastes
1.1.introduction
 Sold Waste (SW):

 Is all kind of waste arising from human and animal


activities that are normally solid and that are
discarded as useless or unwanted.
 It includes various items such as paper, manures
plastics, woods and furniture ,grass
clippings ,glass ,food waste etc.
Cont…

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act also


states that: solid waste can include sludge from
industrial plants or other discarded materials that
result from industrial, commercial, mining and
agricultural operations.
Solid waste is defined as organic material with solid
content 10–40% TS, which is not fluid.
1.2.Types and Sources of Solid Waste

Solid waste is classified into different groups, Based on the origin,

solid waste includes :

1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

2. Industrial Waste

3. Commercial Waste

4. Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D)

5. Hazardous Waste

6. Electronic Waste (E-waste)


Cont….
1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) :

It refers to solid wastes from houses, streets and public


places, shops, offices, and hospitals.
It included paper, plastics, food scraps, textiles,
packaging materials, yard waste and household
hazardous waste like batteries or cleaning products.
MSW comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and
businesses.
Cont..
2. Industrial Waste:
industrial solid waste refers to any type of solid by-product of an

industrial process.
 It can include organic matter such as wood, cardboard, or paper

and inorganic materials such as scrap metal, plastic, chemicals,


solvents, sludge and other by-products.
3. Commercial Waste :
Originating from commercial establishments such as Stores,

restaurants, markets, office buildings, hotels, print shops, auto


repair shops, medical facilities and institutions, etc
Cont..
4. Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D)

Generated from construction, renovation and demolition activities.

C&D waste includes concrete, wood, bricks, asphalt, metals,


drywall and other materials used in building structures.

5. Hazardous Waste
 Materials that pose a risk to human health or the environment due
to their toxic, flammable, corrosive or reactive nature are
considered hazardous.
 This category includes items like batteries, fluorescent bulbs,
pesticides, certain chemicals and medical waste.
Cont..
6.Electronic Waste (E-waste).

Discarded electronic devices and equipment, such as computers,


televisions, smartphones and appliances,

It can contain hazardous materials like lead, mercury and other
components that require specialized handling and disposal.

7. Agricultural Waste :

Generated from farming activities, agricultural waste includes crop


residues, animal manure, pesticides and other waste produced in
agricultural processes.

 production of animals for slaughter and operation of feedlots,


2.Characteristics of Solid Wastes

2.1. Composition and properties


Before looking at various waste disposal methods, we
need to know about physical, chemical and biological
properties, because these will help govern the various
disposal methods used.
Physical and chemical composition of solid wastes vary
depending on sources and types of solid wastes.
Cont…

1. Physical Characteristics of solid waste

2. Density

3. Moisture content

4. Particle size Shape of components

5. Optical property

6. Field capacity Magnetic properties

7. Compacted waste porosity Electric properties


Cont….

1. Density:

Density data are often needed to assess the total mass


and volume of waste that must be managed.
The density of solid waste varies with its composition,
its moisture content and its degree of compaction.
Density of municipal solid waste as delivered in
compaction vehicles has been found to vary from 180
to 450 kg/m3 depending on the type of compaction
equipment.
Cont…

2. Moisture content :
usually is expressed as the mass of moisture per unit mass
of wet or dry material.
To obtain the dry mass the solid waste material is dried in
an oven at 77oC (170 F) for 24 hour. This temperature and
time is used to dehydrate the material completely and to
limit the vaporization of volatile materials
Cont…
3. Optical property:

can be used to segregate opaque materials from transparent substances which


would predominately contain glass and plastic.

4. Compacted waste porosity Electric properties:


The hydraulic conductivity of compacted wastes is an important physical
property because it governs the movement of liquids and gases in a landfill.
Permeability depends on the other properties of the solid material include pore
size distribution, surface area and porosity.
Porosity represents the amount of voids per unit total volume of material. The
porosity of municipal solid waste varies typically from 0.40 to 0.67 depending on
the compaction and composition of the waste.
Cont..
5. Size of Waste constituents

The size distribution of waste constituents in the waste stream


is important because of its significance in the design of
mechanical separators and shredder and waste treatment
process.
 This varies widely and while designing a system, proper
analysis of the waste characteristics should be carried out.
Cont…

2. Chemical Characteristics
Are important in evaluating and selecting alternative
processing and recovery options.
 The 4 most important chemical properties of concern are:

1. Proximate analysis
2. Fusing point of ash
3. Ultimate (elemental) analysis
4. Energy content
Cont…
1. Proximate analysis:

A typical proximate analysis includes:

a. Volatile matter
b. Fixed carbon
c. Ash content (residue after burning)
Cont…
a. Volatile matter:
Volatile matter is the weight loss obtained on heating 1 gm sample
of substance at 950oC for 7 minutes in the absence of air.
It can be calculated as :

VM=volatile matter
Cont..
b. Fixed carbon:

Fixed carbon is the material, other than ash, that does not
vaporize when heated in the absence of air.
It is usually determined by subtracting the sum of moisture,
ash, and volatile matter in weight percent from 100 percent.
Cont…

c. Ash content (residue after burning):


Ash is the weight of the residue obtained after complete
combustion of one gram of the substance at 700-750 o C.
Cont…

2. Fusing point of ash:


The fusing point ash is defined as that temperature at which
the ash resulting from the burning of waste will form a solid
(clinker) by fusion and agglomeration.
Typical fusing temperature for the formation of clinker from
solid waste range from 1100 to 1200 oC.
Cont…
3. Ultimate (elemental) analysis:

It involves the determination of the percent carbon, hydrogen,


oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and ash.
The results of the ultimate analysis are used to characterize the
chemical composition of the organic matter in MSW.
They are also used to define the proper mix of waste materials
to achieve suitable C/N ratios for biological conversion
processes.
Cont…

4.Energy content/Heat content :


Calorific value is the amount of heat generated from

combustion of a unit weight of a substance, expressed as

kcal/kg.
The calorific value is determined experimentally using

Bomb calorimeter in
which the heat generated at a constant temperature of 250

C from combustion of a dry sample is measured.


Cont…
Since the test temperature is below the boiling point of
water, the combustion water remains in the liquid state.
3. Biological characteristic of MSW
The most important biological characteristic of the organic fraction of
MSW is that almost all of the organic components can be converted
biologically to gases and relatively inert organic and inorganic solids.
The production of odours and the generation of flies are also related to
the putrescible nature of the organic materials found in MSW (e.g.,
food wastes).
The organic fraction of MSW (excluding plastic, rubber and leather)
includes water-soluble constituents (such as sugars, starches, amino
acids, and various organic acids), hemicellulose, cellulose, Fats, oils,
and waxes, lignin, lignocellulose and proteins.
END

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