SOLUTIONS OF

LINEAR SYSTEMS
Presented by: Engr. Ariel B. Morales
2.6

Row Pivoting
 Row Pivoting

The previous section discusses that Gauss Elimination cannot be performed

if the first row’s first element is zero. However, the most practical remedy is
to interchange the first row and row with the non-zero first element if this
scenario happens. This technique is called row pivoting.
 Row Pivoting

Three cable tensions AB, AC, and AD, shown in Figure

2.4, act at the top of the flagpole, and their resultant
is 400 kN directed towards -z axis. To solve for the
tension in each cable, the equations below are
established using the equations of equilibrium.

Determine the tension of each cable using Gauss

Elimination
 Row Pivoting
Solution:
The working equation for this problem are (all coefficients are
converted into 4-decimal places)

Eq.1:

Eq.2:

Eq.3:
 Row Pivoting
Construct the augmented matrix of the system

[ | ]
0 −0.4472 0.3077 0
−0.6402 0 0.2308 0
−0.7682 −0.8944 −0.9231 −400

Interchange rows 1 and 2 because the A11 of the coefficient matrix is equal to
zero (Note that the solver may interchange Rows 3 and 1 because the first
element of rows 3

[ | ]
−0.6402 0 0.2308 0
0 − 0.4472 0.3077 0
−0.7682 −0.8944 −0.9231 − 400
Row Pivoting
Elimination Phase:

[ | ]
0
−0.6402 0 0.2308 0 𝑅 2− 𝑅1
− 0.6402
0 − 0.4472 0.3077 0
− 0.7682
−0.7682 −0.8944 −0.9231 − 400 𝑅 3 − 𝑅2
− 0.6402

[ | ]
−0.6402 0 0.2308 0
− 0.8944
0 − 0.4472 0.3077 0 𝑅 3 − 𝑅2
− 0.4472
0 −0.8944 −1.2000 − 400

[ | ]
− 0.6402 0 0.2308 0
0 − 0.4472 0.3077 0
0 0 − 1.8154 − 400
 Row Pivoting
Back Substitution
Eq.3: Phase:

Eq.2:

Eq.1:
 Row Pivoting

are the forces on each member.

2.7

Jacobi Method
 Jacobi Method

The Jacobi method, also known as Gauss-Jacobi Method, is one of the

most common iterative methods in solving linear systems (the other is the
Gauss-Seidel Method, which will be discussed later). In this method, the
equations of the system will be transformed in the form:
 Jacobi Method

Assuming all A 0. Initial values of x are substituted simultaneously, the

process is repeated until a certain accuracy of the value is achieved.
However, this method is very restrictive because this requires that the
matrix A is diagonally dominant; that is, it must satisfy:
 Jacobi Method
The following are the step-by-step procedure to perform the Jacobi Method in a
linear system:
1. Check if the system is diagonally dominant to perform checking:
For three-equation linear system

For four-equation linear systems

 Jacobi Method

By intuition, the reader may establish checking of linear systems of

If the system is initially not diagonally-dominant, try to rearrange the order
of the equation, or if it is impossible to be diagonally dominant, use other
methods in solving the linear system.
 Jacobi Method

2. Isolate in equations respectively. (See next examples)

3. Set an initial value of . Oftentimes,
4. Solve for the new value of by substituting the inital values of them
simultaneously in the equations generated from step 2. Repeat this
process several times until a certain accuracy of the value is achieved.
Tabular representation of each iteration is recommended because it can
show how the values of x converge. The coefficient matrix A must be
diagonally dominant because if it’s not, the value of x will diverge, and
this method cannot solve the system.
 Jacobi Method
Example
: solution of the linear system shown below using Jacobi
Determine the
Method

Let and perform 6 iterations:

 Jacobi Method

The system is diagonally dominant. Isolate from equations ,

respectively.

Eq.1:
Eq.2:
Eq.3:
 Jacobi Method

The initial values of x is . Substitute this value in the equations

above to perform first iteration (Note that “(n)” raised in
variable x indicates the iteration, and that is not an exponent)
 Jacobi Method

The system is diagonally dominant. Isolate from equations ,

respectively.

Eq.1:
Eq.2:
Eq.3:
 Jacobi Method

The initial values of x is . Substitute this value in the equations above

to perform first iteration (Note that “(n)” raised in variable x indicates
the iteration, and that is not an exponent)
Jacobi Method
Tabular Presentation:
Iteration x1 x2 x3

0 0 0 0

1 1.14286 2.05882 2.4

6
 Jacobi Method

Perform the second iteration by substituting the values of x from

the first iteration.
Jacobi Method
Tabular Presentation:
Iteration x1 x2 x3

0 0 0 0

1 1.14286 2.05882 2.4

2 0.93445 1.35966 1.66807

6
Jacobi Method
Repeat this process until the 6th iteration is reached. The
tabular presentation of this process is shown below.
Iteration x1 x2 x3

0 0 0 0

1 1.14286 2.05882 2.4

2 0.93445 1.35966 1.66807

3 1.00819 1.5564 1.89866

4 0.98832 1.49347 1.83226

5 0.99494 1.51143 1.85313

6 0.99312 1.50574 1.84708

 Jacobi Method

If the system in Example 12.12 is solved using high-powered computer or

calculator, the exact answer will be . Notice that the hand calculation
answers are accurate up to 2 decimal places only, which might be
unacceptable for some engineers and scientists. Thus, the solver may
perform some iterations until a certain criterion for accuracy is attained
 Jacobi Method
Sample
Problem
Solve the following system of linear equations using Jacobi Method:

STEP 1: Write the system in terms of each variable (diagonal dominance required for Jaco
From the equations, we can express each variable in terms of the others:

1
1− 𝑦 + 𝑧 −2 −2 𝑥+ 𝑧 2 𝑥 − 𝑧 −2 3+ 𝑧 − 𝑦
𝑥= 𝑦= = 𝑧=
2
3 3 4 3
 Jacobi Method
STEP 2: Initial guesses for the variable
Start with an initial guess, for example:
𝑥 0 = 0 , y 0= 0 , z 0= 0
STEP 3: Iterative process:
Using the equations derived, we calculate the next set of values of each variable:
• For
1 − 𝑦 0+ 𝑧 0 1 − 0 +0 1
𝑥 1= = =
• For
3 3 3
2 𝑥 0 − 𝑧 0 −2 2 (0 )− 0 −2 −2
𝑦 1= = = =− 0.5
4 4 4
• For
1 1
3+𝑥0− 𝑦0 3+ 0 − (0 )
2 2 3
𝑧 1= = = =1
3 3 3
 Jacobi Method
STEP 4: Continue iterating
Using the values repeat the process for the next iteration:
• For
1 − 𝑦 1+ 𝑧 1 1 − (− 0.5)+ 1 2.5
𝑥 2= = = ≈ 0.8333
• For 3 3 3

𝑦 2=
2 𝑥 1 − 𝑧 1 −2
=
2 ( )
1
3
−1 −2
=
2
3
−3 −
=
7
3
≈ − 0.5833
4 4 4 4
• For
1 1 1
3+ 𝑥 1 − 𝑦1 3+ − ( − 0 .5)
2 3 2 3.5
𝑧 2= = = ≈ 1.1667
3 3 3
 Jacobi Method

You can continue the iteration until the values of converge to a desired level of accuracy

SOLUTION: After a few iterations, the solution converges to:

,
 Jacobi Method
Sample
Problem
Solve the following system of linear equations using Jacobi Method:

STEP 1: Write the system in terms of each variable

3+ 𝑦 − 𝑧 9−𝑥−2𝑧 7 −2 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑧=
4 3 3
 Jacobi Method
STEP 2: Initial guesses for the variable
Start with an initial guess, for example:
𝑥 0 = 0 , y 0= 0 , z 0= 0
STEP 3: Iterative process:
Using the equations derived, we calculate the next set of values of each variable:
• For
3+𝑦 0− 𝑧 0 3+ 0 −0 3
𝑥 1= = = =0.75
• For
4 4 4
9− 𝑥 0 −2 𝑧 0 9 − 0 − 2 (0 ) 9
𝑦 1= = = =3
3 3 3
• For
7−2𝑥 0−𝑦 0 7 − 2 ( 0 ) +(0) 7
𝑧 1= = = ≈ 2.3333
3 3 3
 Jacobi Method
STEP 4: Continue iterating
Using the values repeat the process for the next iteration:
• For
3+ 𝑦 1 − 𝑧 1 3+ 3 −2.3333 3.6667
𝑥 2= = = ≈ 0.9167
•
4 4 4
For
9 − 𝑥 1 −2 𝑧 1 9 −0.75 − 2(2.333) 9 −0.75 − 4.6667 3.5833
𝑦 2= = = = ≈ 1.1944
3 3 3 3
• For
7 − 2 𝑥 1+ 𝑦 1 7 −2 ( 0.75 )+ 3 7 −1.5 +3 8.5
𝑧 2= = = = ≈ 2.8333
3 3 3 3
Jacobi Method

SOLUTION: After a few iterations, the solution converges to:

,
With this two examples,Plate
determine the solution of linear
system utilizing the Jacobi method applied to 4x4 systems
of linear equations, perform 4 iterations for each. (short cut
is not allowed)
THANK
YOU!