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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The document outlines the process of photosynthesis, defining key terms and differentiating between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. It explains the internal structure of leaves, the role of chlorophyll, and the stages of photosynthesis, including the light-dependent and light-independent phases. Additionally, it discusses the importance of leaf adaptations and limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

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19 views37 pages

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The document outlines the process of photosynthesis, defining key terms and differentiating between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. It explains the internal structure of leaves, the role of chlorophyll, and the stages of photosynthesis, including the light-dependent and light-independent phases. Additionally, it discusses the importance of leaf adaptations and limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Uploaded by

kalaysiahill60
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

OBJECTIVES
• Define the term nutrition
• Distinguish between autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Recall definition for photosynthesis
• Write equation for photosynthesis
• Describe the fate of carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis
• Describe the function of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis
• Draw and label internal and external structure of dicotyledonous leaf
• Relate structure of leaf to its function as a photosynthesising organ
NUTRITION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBjQKIO0UP0

What is nutrition? What are the two classifications for which all
organisms are grouped?
NUTRITION

AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC

HOLOZOIC SAPROHYTIC PARASITIC


Complete table

AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC

Uses light energy

Food derived from non- living matter


(inorganic)

Occurs in plants, Algae and some Bacteria

Requires chlorophyll

Manufacturers of food
INTERNAL STRUCURE OF A LEAF
Transverse section through a leaf
PARTS OF THE INTERNAL LEAF
Epidermis- top and bottom of leaf responsible for protecting inner
layers of cells. The top epidermis secretes a waxy substance called
cuticle which prevents water from evaporating from the leaf.

Stomata- are small holes/pores majority of which are found in lower


epidermis. Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of sausage-shaped
guard cells. The guard cells are responsible for opening and closing
the stoma. They contain chloroplast.
Mesophyll- ‘meso’ means middle, and ‘phyll’ means leaf.
These cells contain chloroplasts. The mesophyll layer located near the top of
the leaf are arranged like a fence or palisade and they form the palisade layer.
This is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. They are closely
packed together to maximize light absorption.

The cells behind them are rounder, and arranged quite loosely, with large air
spaces between them. They form the spongy layer. This cells in this layer are
loosely packed for efficient gas exchange. There is a thin layer of water which
covers the cells. Gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the
cells.

The mesophyll also contains veins. The two are the xylem ( a large thick- walled
tube for carrying water & minerals) and phloem tubes (small with thin walls)
carry away food that the leaf has made.
Photosynthesis, What is it?
Photosynthesis
• Process whereby green plants make their own food. They use simple
inorganic substances ( CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER) to make glucose. From
the glucose the plants are able to make other complex materials that it
needs such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats.

Photosynthesis can be summarised into simple words or by a simple


equation.
Carbon dioxide + water Sunlight glucose + oxygen
Chlorophyll

6 CO2 + 6H2O sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2


chlorophyll
Importance of Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a complex green pigment. At the centre of the


chlorophyll molecule is a single atom of magnesium and four atoms
of nitrogen.

RESEARCH TO FIND OUT WHAT HAPPENS TO CARBON


DIOXIDE AND WATER DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light Dependent Stage
Happens in the thylakoid of the
chloroplast
• Chloroplasts are organelles seen in green plant cells. They contain the
green pigment chlorophyll which traps the light energy from the sun.

• This energy is able to produce two molecules: Adenosine Triphosphate


(ATP) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH). These
molecules are high in energy which in the light independent stage is
used up in the synthesis of glucose.

• The energy is used to split the water molecule H2O into hydrogen (h) and
oxygen (o). The oxygen is a waste product and diffuses out of the leaf.
Internal structure of the
Chloroplast
Light Independent Stage/Calvin
Cycle
• Through the use of enzymes, the hydrogen then combines with
carbon dioxide (CO2) to make glucose (C6H12O6).

This stage of photosynthesis does not need light and can happen when it is dark.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4Sc_k
RuBP-ribulose
biphosphate

3-Phosphoglyceric acid

G3p-
Glyceraldehyde-3
phosphate (3
carbon sugar)
Leaf Adaptation
Research some leaf adaptations and discuss how these adaptations
help the leaf to carry out its function
Leaf Adaptations
They are generally broad and flat with a large surface area to absorb a
lot of light and carbon dioxide.
They lie at 90 degrees to the sunlight and are spaced around the stem
to catch as much light as possible.
The leaves are thin to allow light and carbon dioxide to reach cells
rapidly.
Stomata are present in the lower epidermis to allow gases in and out
easily.
Air spaces in the lower leaf allow carbon dioxide to get to chloroplasts
as quickly as possible.
Leaf Adaptations
Chloroplasts are most numerous in cells in the palisade layer which is
in the top part of the leaf, closest to the sunlight.
Xylem vessels transport water to the leaf cells.
Phloem sieve tubes carry away the food made to the rest of the
plants.
A waxy cuticle prevents water loss from both surfaces of the leaf and
is transparent to let light through.
Products of Photosynthesis
The glucose produced during photosynthesis is used in several ways:

a) It is broken down during respiration to release energy so the plant


can carry out all the processes of life.
b) It is converted to starch and stored in the leaf to be used in the
night when the plant is not photosynthesising.
c) It is converted to sucrose and transported to other parts of the
plant. It can be converted to other carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins and used for growth, or it can be converted to starch and
stored, as in potatoes.
LIMITING FACTORS IN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
In photosynthesis plants require water, carbon dioxide and light. Some
times these one or more of these factors may become limited. Limiting
factors limit the rate at which photosynthesis take place.

Limiting factors which affect photosynthesis are:


• Temperature
• Light intensity
• Carbon dioxide concentration
• Availability of water
Temperature- The rate of photosynthesis increases as temperature
increases; with heat the molecules move about and come together
faster. Enzymes which are a part of the process also have optimum
temperatures at which they work best. Temperature is a limiting factor
in cool seasons in temperate regions.

Carbon dioxide- Carbon dioxide is relatively low in the atmosphere. So


carbon dioxide is usually the limiting factor when temperature and light
levels are high. (Green house growers usually pump CO2 to the air in
the greenhouse to increase the rate of photosynthesis).

Light intensity – the amount of light in the environment varies greatly


between night and day. Light is usually the limiting factor from dusk
until dawn.
• Availability of water- the availability of water varies in the
environment. If the soil is dry, water may be the limiting factor on
photosynthesis.
ETIOLATION
If the plant cannot get sunlight, for example it is shaded by a rock or
another plant, it cannot photosynthesise. Without photosynthesis it
cannot make food, but this does not mean it cannot continue to grow.
For a short while, it can use some of the food stored within the plant to
grow and lengthen.
The growth of plant that doesn’t receive light is different.
All the energy is used to make long thin cells, so the stem become
elongated and thin, and leaves are kept very small. The leaves and stem
are pale yellow as no chlorophyll is made. This growth is called
etiolation.
END OF UNIT

PLEASE COMPLETE WORKSHEET UPLOADED IN THE CLASS


STREAM AND PREPARE FOR YOUR TEST!
The two leaves are found in two different places. One habitat was cool
while the other dry and exposed.
Suggest where each leaf may be found and explain adaptations that help
them survive in their habitat.
Represent data in a
graph

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