Energ

PHYSICS – Energy Resources

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Energy resources • Understand that the Sun is the

Core source of energy for all our energy
• Describe how electricity or other resources except geothermal, nuclear
useful forms of energy may be and tidal
obtained from: • Show an understanding that energy
– chemical energy stored in fuel is released by nuclear fusion in the
– water, including the energy stored Sun
in waves, in tides, and in water
behind hydroelectric dams
– geothermal resources • Recall and use the equation:
– nuclear fission efficiency = useful energy output
– heat and light from the Sun (solar energy input ×
cells and panels) 100%
– wind • efficiency = useful power output
• Give advantages and Power input ×
disadvantages of each method in 100%
terms of renewability, cost,
reliability, scale and environmental
impact
• Show a qualitative understanding
of efficiency
Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy cannot be
created nor be destroyed, it can change from one form
to other.

It’s SI unit is Joules (J)

Examples of Energy resources-

Primary and Secondary
Primary energy’ refers to energy in its raw
form, before it has been converted by
humans into other forms of energy like
electricity, heat.
(eg. Coal, nuclear fuel, wind power).
Secondary energy is all energy obtained from
transforming primary energy . Electricity is known
Electricity
Electricity is known as a
secondary energy source
because it is produced using
primary energy sources (eg.
Coal, nuclear fuel, wind
power).
How is electricity generated?

Hydroelectric

Electricity
How is electricity generated?
Wind

Hydroelectric

Electricity
How is electricity generated?
Wind

Hydroelectric Nuclear

Electricity
How is electricity generated?
Wind

Hydroelectric Nuclear

Electricity

Solar
How is electricity generated?
Wind

Hydroelectric Nuclear

Electricity

Solar

Tidal
How is electricity generated?
Wind

Hydroelectric Nuclear

Electricity

Fossil Fuels Solar

Tidal
 Electricity
Electricity is known as a
secondary energy source
because it is produced using
primary energy sources (eg.
Coal, nuclear fuel, wind
power).

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES

1. Fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural

gas
2. Nuclear fuels (uranium and
plutonium)
• They will all ‘run out’ one day.
• They all damage the environment
• They currently provide most of our
energy.
 Electricity
Electricity is known as a
secondary energy source
because it is produced using
primary energy sources (eg.
Coal, nuclear fuel, wind
power).

RENEWABLE SOURCES

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES 1. Wind 2. Waves 3.

Tides
1. Fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural 4. Hydroelectric 5. Biofuels
gas 6. Geothermal 7. Solar (from
2. Nuclear fuels (uranium and Sun)
plutonium)
• They will never run out.
• They will all ‘run out’ one day. • They do much less damage to the
• They all damage the environment environment.
• They currently provide most of our • They don’t provide much energy and
energy. can be unreliable if they depend on
the weather.
 Generating electricity

3 stages:
Boiler

Turbine

Generator
 Generating electricity

• In the boiler fuel

burns to heat water.
The water turns
into steam.
• Fuels used may be
coal, oil or gas.
 Generating electricity

• Steam travels along

pipes and makes
the turbine spin.
 Generating electricity

• The turbine turns a

generator.
• Inside the generator
there is a magnet
inside a coil of wire.
• As the magnet
spins, electricity is
generated.
Let’s just repeat the basics:-

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine
Energy
source
The generator
converts the
movement of the
turbine (kinetic
energy) into
electricity.
 Advantages: fuels are readily available,
they are relatively cheap, and are not
Fossil fuels reliant upon the weather.
Disadvantages: highly polluting,
contributing to global warming and
climate change. Burning fossil fuels can
produce acid rain. Oil spillages cause
serious damage to the environment.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_stations

The generator
In a fossil fuel power station coal, oil or converts the
natural gas burn, releasing heat energy
which is used to turn water into steam. movement of the
turbine (kinetic
energy) into
electricity.
 Advantages: relatively quick and natural
sources of energy and are considered to
Biofuels be carbon neutral (do not release
additional carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere).
Disadvantages: natural habitats may be
cleared to make way for biofuel crops, and
some food crops may be lost.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine
http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/agriculture-biofuel-
production

Biofuels are renewable energy sources.

They can be solids (eg. Straw, woodchip),
The generator
liquids (eg. Ethanol) or gases (eg. Methane
biogas from sludge digesters). converts the
They are burnt to turn water into steam, movement of the
which drives the turbine and producing turbine (kinetic
electricity in the generator.
energy) into
electricity.
 Nuclear
energy

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

Nuclear fission, involving the splitting of

atoms of a nuclear fuel (eg. Uranium)
releases a lot of heat energy. The generator
Water is used as a coolant to take away
converts the
this heat energy, which is used to produce
steam to drive a turbine which then turns movement of the
the generator. turbine (kinetic
The main disadvantage of a nuclear power energy) into
station is that radioactive waste is
electricity.
produced. This can be very dangerous and
difficult to dispose of.
 Advantages: no pollution, no fuel costs,
minimal running costs. Can be very useful
Wave Power on small islands.
Disadvantages: hazard to boats, can be
an eyesore, fairly unreliable as waves
disappear when the wind drops, initial
costs can be very high, environmental
impact.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/Q&A/KS3/energy/Sources/Q5.html

The generator
As waves come in to the shore they converts the
provide up and down motion which can be
used to directly drive a turbine which is
movement of the
linked to a generator. turbine (kinetic
The waves force the air through the energy) into
turbine, causing it to spin. electricity.
 Advantages: no pollution, no fuel costs,
minimal running costs. Tides are reliable,
Tidal Power and barrages are excellent for storing
energy.
Disadvantages: hazard to boats, can be
an eyesore, initial costs can be very high,
environmental impact. Height of the tide
is variable, so energy output varies.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physics-ii/fission-and-
fusion/tidal-power.php

The generator
Tidal barrages are big dams built across converts the
river estuaries. As the tide comes in it fills
the estuary – the water is released so that
movement of the
the turbines are turned at a controlled turbine (kinetic
speed. The source of the energy is the energy) into
gravity of the Sun and the Moon. electricity.
 Advantages: no pollution, no fuel costs,
Hydroelectric minimal running costs. Immediate
response to increased demand, and fairly
Power reliable.
Disadvantages: flooding a valley has a big
impact on the environment, with much
loss of habitats. Initial costs are high.
Adversely affected during times of
drought.
The steam (or
water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/06/global_energy/
html/hydrowind.stm

The generator
Hydroelectric power usually involves converts the
flooding a valley to form a reservoir
behind a big dam. As water is released
movement of the
from the reservoir it falls through the dam turbine (kinetic
and turns the turbines, which then spin energy) into
the generators which in turn produce electricity.
electricity.
 Geothermal Energy Advantages: free, renewable energy
source. No real environmental problems.
Disadvantages: cost of drilling down
several km to the hot rocks.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://polizeros.com/2010/09/02/geothermal-power-gaining-
attention/

The generator
Used where hot rocks lie quite near to the converts the
surface. Cold water is pumped in pipes
down to the hot rocks, and returns as
movement of the
steam to drive the turbines. Unfortunately turbine (kinetic
there are very few places where this is an energy) into
economic option. electricity.
 Advantages: no pollution, a very reliable
Solar cells source in sunny countries. Energy is free,
and running costs are almost nil.
Disadvantages: initially very expensive,
and a developing technology. Only
produce electricity in daytime.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://etap.com/renewable-energy/photovoltaic-101.htm

The generator
Solar cells generate electricity directly converts the
from sunlight. Solar cells are usually used
to provide electricity on a relatively small
movement of the
scale, such as for individual houses. Solar turbine (kinetic
cell ‘farms’ are being developed, but energy) into
connecting to the National Grid can be electricity.
expensive.
 Advantages: no pollution, a very reliable
Solar panels source in sunny countries. Energy is free,
and running costs are almost nil.
Disadvantages: Only heats water in
daytime. Not used to produce electricity.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=22430

The generator
Solar panels use the Sun’s thermal converts the
radiation to warm up water for the house.
A blackened layer behind the pipes helps
movement of the
the absorption of the radiant energy and turbine (kinetic
the warming of the water flowing through energy) into
the pipes. electricity.
 Advantages: no pollution. Energy is free,
Wind Power and running costs are almost nil.
Disadvantages: can be considered an
eyesore, and there is some noise pollution.
No power is produced when the wind
drops.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://www.newhomewindpower.com/wind-power-generators.html

The generator
Wind turbines are put up in exposed converts the
places, such as hilltops and around the
coast. Each wind turbine has its own
movement of the
generator, so electricity is generated turbine (kinetic
directly. energy) into
electricity.
 The Sun as the ultimate source of
energy
The Sun radiates Tidal
energy because
of nuclear fusion Tides are created by the
reactions deep gravitational pull of the
inside. Moon on the Earth’s
oceans.

Solar cells
Radioactive atoms
release energy
Solar panels
Energy in plants Weather systems
Nuclear

Solar panels Wind Geothermal

Solar panels Waves

Hydroelectric
Recall and use the equation:
efficiency = useful energy output
energy input ×
100%
 Efficiency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_stations

A fossil fuel
power station has
an efficiency of
about 33%.
 Efficiency
This means that 1/3 of
the heat energy
released from the fuel
gets turned into
electricity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_stations

A fossil fuel
power station has
an efficiency of
about 33%.
 Efficiency
This means that 1/3 of
the heat energy
released from the fuel
gets turned into
electricity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_stations

The other 2/3 of

the energy ends up
A fossil fuel as waste heat – it
power station has just warms up the
an efficiency of power station and
about 33%.
its surrounding
environment.
Sankey Diagram

It is the simpler and clearer way of showing what

happens to the energy input into the system.
The energy flow is shown in the form of arrows
whose width is proportional to the amount of
energy involved.
Wide arrow shows large energy change and and
narrow arrow shows small energy change.
Efficiency

efficiency = useful energy output

energy input ×
100%
 Efficiency
1000J 372J

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_stations

Overall efficiency = 372 x 100 = 37.2%

efficiency = useful energy output
energy input × 1000
100%
 Efficiency
1000J 372J

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_stations

efficiency = useful energy output

energy input ×
100% Overall efficiency = 372 x 100 = 37.2%
1000

You need to be aware of

both equations!
 Credits
https://www.google.com/search?
q=Energy+resources+Physics+ppt&rlz=1C1GCEA_enSG1017SG1017&oq=Energy+&aqs=chrome.2.69i57j69i59l3j69i65l2j69i60l2.4825j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8