Computer Network

It is defined as the collection of two or more

autonomous computers which are
interconnected together for sharing resources
with the help of transmission media and set of
protocols.
 DEFINITION
A computer network is a set of nodes like
computers and networking devices that are
connected for the purpose of communication
and sharing resources(hardware/software)
among the users.
 NETWORKING GOALS
• Resource sharing --- All programs, data and peripherals are
available to anyone on the network irrespective to the
physical location of the resource and the user.
• High Reliability --- A file could be replicated on two or
three machines, so if one of them is unavailable (hardware
crash), the other copies could be available.
• Cost Factor --- Personal Computers (PC’s) have a much
better price/performance ratio than micro ones.
• Communication Medium --- A file that was
updated/modified on a network, can be seen by the other
users on the network immediately.
 Network Applications
• Sharing of data, programs and peripherals
• Access to remote programs.
• Access to remote databases.
• Value-added communication facilities.
 ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKS
• Sharing resources: hardware resources such as processor, storage
devices, printers, scanner, etc. can be shared among us using computer
network. It helps to minimize the operational cost of an organization.
• Faster and cheaper communication: communication in modern days
has become very faster and cheaper to send information to a long
distance through network.
• Centralized control: all network resources such as computers, printer
file , database , etc can be managed and controlled by a central
connecting computer also known as the server.
• Backup and recovery: server is used to keep data as backup. It
maintains backup of all individual computer’s information.
• Remote and mobile access: a remote user can access resources from
the distance using computer network.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Expensive: In order to install computer network,
we require some extra cost to purchase
networking devices such as hubs, switch, cables,
etc.
• Security problems: network security is the most
challenging job for network administrator in order
to protect network resources from unauthorized
users and physical destructions.
• Needs technical person: it is very difficult to install
and operate good computer network.
• ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency
NETwork)
• NSFNET(National Science Foundation
Network)
• INTERNET(INTERconnection NETwork)
• A computer network can include different types of hosts
(also called nodes) like server, desktop, laptop, cellular
phones.

• Apart from computers, networks include networking devices

like switch, router, modem, etc. Networking devices are
used to connect multiple computers in different settings.
• For communication, data in a network is divided into smaller
chunks called packets. These packets are then carried over a
network. Devices in a network can be connected either
through wired media like cables or wireless media like air.
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

• Sender
• Receiver
• Message
• Communication media
• Protocols
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

• Sender : The node which sends the data/message.

• Receiver: The node which is suppose to receive
the data.
• Message: It can be sent in the form of packets or
full message in one go.
• Communication Media: Wired/Wireless
• Protocol: A communication protocol is a set of
rules for exchanging information over a network.
Components of Computer Network
• Hosts/Nodes /Workstations
• Servers
• Client
• Network Hardware
• Communication Channel (Wired / Wireless)
• Software
• Network Services
 DATA COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES $ MEASURING
CAPACITY OF COMMUNICATION
MEDIUM
• Data Channel
• Baud
• Bits Per Second(bps)-5
• Band Width
• Data Transfer Rate
 Data Channel

• A logical path between source and

destination.
• Channel is the medium used to carry
information or data from one point to another.
 Baud

• It is the unit of measurement for the

information carrying capacity of a
communication channel.
 Bits Per Second(bps)

• The speed at which data transfer is measured.

• To measure the speed of information through
a high speed phone lines or modems.
BANDWIDTH
DATA TRANSFER RATE
 NETWORK SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

Switching techniques are used for transmitting

data across the networks.
There are 3 types of network switching:
1. Circuit Switching
2. Message Switching
3. Packet Switching
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING
• The complete physical connection between two
computers is established and then data is transmitted
from the source computer to the destination
computer.
• The important property of this switching technique is
to setup an end-to-end path (connection) between
computers before any data can be sent.
• The main advantage of this is guaranteed delivery of
the message. Mostly used for voice communication.
 MESSAGE SWITCHING
• In this no physical path is established between
sender and receiver in advance.
• The source computer sends data or the message to
the switching office which sends the data to
another switching office until the data is delivered
to the destination computers.
• Its working principle is known as store and
forward.
• A message is transferred as a complete unit and
routed through intermediate nodes at which it is
stored and forwarded.
 COMPARISION
Item Circuit Switching Packet Switching

1. Dedicated Copper Wire Yes No

2. Bandwidth Available Fixed Dynamic

3. Potentially Wasted Bandwidth Yes No

4. Store and Forward Transmission No Yes

5. Setup of an end-to-end path (i.e Call Setup) Required Not Needed

6. Each packet follow same route Yes No

7. When can congestion occur At setup time On every packet

 CIRCUIT SWITCHING

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Guaranteed bandwidth:Circuit switching
• Inefficient use of bandwidth:because
provides a dedicated path for
communication, ensuring that bandwidth is the bandwidth is reserved for the
guaranteed for the duration of the call. entire duration of the call, even
• Low latency:Circuit switching provides low when no data is being transmitted.
latency because the path is predetermined, • Limited scalability:because the
and there is no need to establish a
number of circuits that can be
connection for each packet.
•
established is finite, which can limit
Predictable performance:Circuit switching
provides predictable performance because the number of simultaneous calls
the bandwidth is reserved, and there is no that can be made.
competition for resources. • High cost: Circuit switching is
• Suitable for real-time communication:Circuit expensive because it requires
switching is suitable for real-time
dedicated resources, such as
communication, such as voice and video,
because it provides low latency and hardware and bandwidth, for the
predictable performance. duration of the call.
 PACKET SWITCHING
ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
• Efficient use of bandwidth: Packet • Higher latency: Packet switching has
switching is efficient because bandwidth higher latency than circuit switching
is shared among multiple users, and because packets must be routed through
resources are allocated only when data multiple nodes, which can cause delay.
needs to be transmitted. • Limited QoS: Packet switching provides
• Flexible: Packet switching is flexible and limited QoS guarantees, meaning that
can handle a wide range of data rates different types of traffic may be treated
and packet sizes. equally.
• Scalable: Packet switching is highly • Packet loss: Packet switching can result
scalable and can handle large amounts in packet loss due to congestion on the
of traffic on a network. network or errors in transmission.
• Lower cost: Packet switching is less • Unsuitable for real-time communication:
expensive than circuit switching because Packet switching is not suitable for real-
resources are shared among multiple time communication, such as voice and
users. video, because of the potential for
latency and packet loss.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
• Transmission Media: Data is transmitted through different
types of transmission media.

• A channel is a separate path through which signals can flow.

• A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting

information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or data
rate in bits per second.

• The function of the media is to carry a flow of information

through a LAN.
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
 TYPES OF MEDIA
• Wired (Guided ) Media
• Wireless (Unguided) Media
WIRED MEDIA
WIRED MEDIA
COXIAL CABLE
 WIRELESS(UNGUIDED)

Laser : The laser transmission requires direct line-of-

sight. It is unidirectional like microwave, but has higher
speed than microwave. The laser transmission requires
the use of a laser transmitter and a photosensitive
receiver at each end. The laser transmission is point-to-
point transmission between buildings.
RADIO WAVE
MICRO WAVE
SATELLITE
WIFI,BLUETOOTH
 NETWORK DEVICES
• Modem
• Ethernet card
• RJ45
• Repeater
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Gateway
• WIFI card
• NIC:Network Interface Card
 NETWORK DEVICES
What is a network device?

Components used to connect computers as well

as other electrical devices together in order to
share resources such as printers and fax
machines etc.
MODEM
NIC(ETHERNET CARD)
RJ45
 REPEATER
• Repeater boost signal strength that weakens along a cable
during long distance transmission from one point to another
by electrically amplifying the signal it receives and
rebroadcasts it.
• They are used when the total length of your network cable
exceeds the standards set for the type of cable being used.
Types of Repeaters :-
• Amplifier --- It merely amplifies all incoming signals over the
network, that is it amplifies both the signals and any
concurrent noise.
• Signal Repeater --- It collects the inbound packet and then
retransmits the packet as if it were starting from the source
station.
HUBS
SWITCHES
SWITCHES
BRIDGES
ROUTERS
 Router
A router is a network device that can receive
data,analyse it and transmit it to other network.
It connects LAN to the internet.
OSI(Open Systems Interconnection)
GATEWAY
GATEWAY
FIREWALL
 WIFI CARD
A wireless card or wireless network card is a
wireless terminal device used to enable internet
connection through the wireless connection
network under the coverage of a wireless local
area network.
In these cards , transmission is done through
radio waves.
NIC
 TYPES OF NETWORK
• PAN:Personal Area Network
• LAN:Local Area Network
• MAN:Metropolitan Area Network
• WAN:Wide Area Netwok
Based on Geographical spread
PAN
LAN
USES OF LAN
MAN
WAN
 TOPOLOGY

• A number of computing devices are connected

together to form a Local Area Network (LAN),
and interconnections among millions of LANs
forms the Internet. The arrangement of
computers and other peripherals in a network
is called its topology.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY
 BUS TOPOLOGY
• All devices are connected to a central cable ,
called bus or backbone.
• There are terminators at each end of the bus
that stops the signal and keeps it from
travelling backwards.
 BUS TOPOLOGY

• Data sent from a node are passed on to the bus and

hence are transmitted to the length of the bus in both
directions. That means, data can be received by any
of the nodes connected to the bus.

• In this topology, a single backbone wire called bus is

shared among the nodes, which makes it cheaper and
easier to maintain. Both ring and bus topologies are
considered to be less secure and less reliable.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
• In star topology,each communicating device is
connected to a central node, which is a networking
device like a hub or a switch.

• Star topology is considered very effective, efficient

and fast as each device is directly connected with
the central device. Although disturbance in one
device will not affect the rest of the network, any
failure in a central networking device may lead to
the failure of complete network.
STAR TOPOLOGY
 TREE TOPOLOGY
• It is a hierarchical topology, in which there are multiple
branches and each branch can have one or more basic
topologies like star, ring and bus. Such topologies are
usually realised in WANs where multiple LANs are
connected. Those LANs may be in the form of a ring, bus
or star.

• In this type of network, data transmitted from source

first reaches the centralised device and from there the
data passes through every branch where each branch
can have links for more nodes.
TREE/HIERARCHIAL TOPOLOGY
MAC ADDRESS
 NETWORK PROTOCOLS
• In communication, Protocol is a set of
standard rules that the communicating parties
— the sender, the receiver, and all other
intermediate devices need to follow.
• NEED OF PROTOCOLS????
 NEED OF PROTOCOLS
• We need protocols for different reasons such
as flow control, access control, addressing,
etc.

• Flow control is required when the sender and

receiver have different speeds of sending and
receiving the data. Computers can adjust its
data transmission rate. Otherwise some data
will be lost.
• Access control is required to decide which
nodes in a communication channel will access
the link shared among them at a particular
instant of time. Otherwise, the transmitted
data packets will collide if computers are
sending data simultaneously through the
same link resulting in the loss or corruption of
data.
 Types of protocols
• HTTP
• FTP
• PPP
• SMTP
• TCP/IP
• POP3
• HTTPS
• TELNET
• VoIP
 HTTP
• HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. It is the primary
protocol used to access the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee
led the development of HTTP at CERN in 1989

• HTTP is a request-response (also called client-server) protocol

that runs over TCP. The common use of HTTP is between a
web browser (client) and a web server (server). HTTP
facilitates access of hypertext from the World Wide Web by
defining how information are formatted and transmitted, and
how the Web servers and browsers should respond to various
commands.
• Once a user opens a web browser and types in the
URL of the intended web page, a logical
communication link between the user machine
(client) and the web server is created using HTTP.

• whenever we enter the URL http// www.ncert.nic.in

in a browser, it sends HTTP request to the web-server
where ncert.nic.in is hosted. The HTTP response from
the web-server fetches and sends the requested
Web-page, which is displayed on your browser.
HTTPS
 FTP
File Transfer Protocol
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol
used for transferring files from one machine to
another. Like HTTP, FTP also works on a client-
server model.

• When a user requests for a file transfer with

another system, FTP sets up a connection
between the two nodes for accessing the file.
• File transfer between two systems seems simple and
straightforward because FTP takes care of issues between
two communicating devices, such as:
use of different conventions while naming files.
representation of text and data in different formats.
having different directory structure
FTP Clients:
WinSCP
CuteFTP
Filezilla
Coreftp
 Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
• PPP is a communication protocol which establishes a
dedicated and direct connection between two
communicating devices. This protocol defines how two
devices will authenticate each other and establish a
direct link between them to exchange data.

• For example, two routers with direct connection

communicate using PPP. The Internet users who connect
their home computers to the server of an Internet
Service Provider (ISP) through a modem also use PPP.
• The communicating devices should have
duplex modes for using this protocol.
• This protocol maintains data integrity
ensuring that the packets arrive in order. It
intimates the sender about damage or lost
packets and asks to resend it.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• SMTP is a protocol used for email services. It uses

information written on the message header (like
an envelope on a letter sent by post), and is not
concerned with the content of the email
message.
• Each email header contains email addresses of
recipients. The email containing header and body
are entered into a queue of outgoing mails.
• The SMTP sender program takes mails from the outgoing
queue and transmits them to the destination(s).
• When the SMTP sender successfully delivers a particular
mail to one or more destinations, it removes the
corresponding receiver’s email address from the mail’s
destination list.
• When that mail is delivered to all the recipients, it is
removed from the outgoing queue. The SMTP receiver
program accepts each mail that has arrived and places it
in the appropriate user mailbox.
POP3
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/ Internet
Protocol (IP)
• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is a set of
standardised rules that uses a client-server
model of communication in which a user or
machine (a client) requests a service by a
server in the network.
 IP

• The IP protocol ensures that each computer or

node connected to the Internet is assigned an
IP address, which is used to identify each node
independently. It can be considered to be the
adhesive that holds the whole Internet
together.
 TCP
• TCP ensures that the message or data is broken into
smaller chunks, called IP packets. Each of these
packets are routed (transmitted) through the
Internet, along a path from one router to the next,
until it reaches the specified destination.

• TCP guarantees the delivery of packets on the

designated IP address. It is also responsible for
ordering the packets so that they are delivered in
sequence.
 TELNET
• Remote login(Telnet) :Telnet is a network
protocol used on the internet or on the local
area network to provide by directional
interactive text, orientated communication
facility using a virtual terminal connection.
• Telnet is the internet facility that facilitates
remote login. It means to connect the network
at remote station without any network.
TELNET
VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol)
 Introduction to web services

• WWW
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Domain names
• URL
• Website
• web browser
• web servers
• web hosting
 WEB SERVICES
•A web service is a software module that is designed
to perform a certain set of tasks.
•Web services are invoked by the user directly or
indirectly to provide services to the program/software
which is being used as a part of WWW.
•User may be unaware about such web services.
•The web services can be searched for over the
network and can also be invoked accordingly.
•To provide the functionality to the client, which
invokes that web service.
 Internet

• The Internet is the global network of computing

devices including desktop, laptop, servers, tablets,
mobile phones, other handheld devices, printers,
scanners, routers, switches, gateways, etc.
Moreover, smart electronic appliances like TV, AC,
refrigerator, fan, light, etc. can also communicate
through a network. The list of such smart devices is
always increasing e.g., drones, vehicles, door lock,
security camera.
 WWW(World Wide Web)
• The World Wide Web (WWW) or web in short,
is an ocean of information, stored in the form
of trillions of interlinked web pages and web
resources. The resources on the web can be
shared or accessed through the Internet.
• • World Wide Web was created by
Timothy Berners Lee in 1989
 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

• HyperText Markup Language. It is a language which

is used to design standardised Web Pages so that the
Web contents can be read and understood from any
computer. Basic structure of every webpage is
designed using HTML
• It provide various kinds of tags(commands) used to
define the structure and appearance of web page.
• HTML was created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in late
1991 but was not released officially, which was
published in 1995 as HTML 2.0.
XML(Extensible Markup Language)
•A markup language that defines a set of rules
for encoding documents in a format that is both
human-readable and machine readable.
•XML is Platform Independent and Language
Independent.
Benefit of xml.It can be used to take data from a
program like Microsoft SQL, convert it into XML
then share that XML with other programs and
platforms.
DIFFERENCE
DOMAIN NAME
 Domain Names
• A domain name is a unique name that
identifies a particular website and represents
the name of the server where the web pages
reside.
• All the domain names have IP addresses.
• IP address can be remembered by the
computer, but it is difficult to remember for a
human being.
•Every time we enter a domain name it will be
converted into an IP address and the website
will be opened, e.g. www.Mybook.com
•A domain name contains three parts:
Host name as, www
Name describing the website purpose as,
Mybook
Top level domain as .com, .net, .edu, etc.
DNS SERVER
FYI
 URL
•To locate resources such as web pages on the Internet.
•URL is also a method to address the web pages on the
Internet.
•It is defined as the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web.
•The URL is an address that sends users to a specific resource
online, such as a webpage, video or other document or
resource.
•There are two types of URL, namely,
absolute URL
relative URL.
 WEB BROWSER
• A software application that enables to browse,
search and collect information from the Web
is known as Web browser.

• EXAMPLES?????
 WEB SERVERS
• The web pages on the Internet are stored on
the computers that are connected to the
Internet. These computers are known as web
servers.
• Web Server providing web services to web
client (Web Browser)
 WEB HOSTING
• Web Hosting or website hosting is the service
to host, store and maintain the websites on the
World Wide Web.
• Web hosting is the service that makes our
website available to be viewed by others on the
Internet.
• A web host provides space on its server, so that
other computers around the world can access
our website by means of a network or modem.
 TYPES OF WEB HOSTING
• Shared hosting
share by multiple domains/web sites.

• VPS (virtual private server) hosting

The main server is split into multiple virtual servers hence the name. These virtual
servers can be customized by individual websites.

• Dedicated hosting
Websites being hosted on a dedicated server have complete technical control over
the server settings. We choose the software, configurations, and anything else we
need.

• Cloud hosting
Cloud hosting plans come with multiple remote servers. Each server has different
responsibilities. If one of the servers is compromised or has a problem, the other
servers on the network will take over those responsibilities and pick up the slack. •
Reseller hosting and WordPress hosting are also specific types of hosting