REVIEWER

• IN ENGINEERING, THE CARTESIAN

PLANE EXTENDS INTO THREE
DIMENSIONS WITH THE ADDITION
OF THE Z-AXIS, PERPENDICULAR TO
BOTH THE X AND Y AXES,
ALLOWING FOR THE
REPRESENTATION OF HEIGHT,
DEPTH, OR ANY THIRD DIMENSION.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL CARTESIAN PLANE:

• THE STANDARD CARTESIAN PLANE IS A TWO-

DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM DEFINED BY THE X-
AXIS (HORIZONTAL) AND THE Y-AXIS
(VERTICAL), USED TO REPRESENT POINTS AS
(X, Y) COORDINATES.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CARTESIAN PLANE:

• TO REPRESENT OBJECTS IN THREE

DIMENSIONS, THE Z-AXIS IS
INTRODUCED, PERPENDICULAR TO BOTH
THE X AND Y AXES.
• Z-AXIS FUNCTION:
 CONCEPT AND
TECHNICAL DRAWING
RELATIONSHIP (CTDR)
TECHNICAL DRAWINGS CAN REPRESENT
THINGS…
AS SIMPLE AS A SPOON,

OR…

Technical Drawing of a spoon

Multi-view, Orthographic projection
• IN SKETCHUP, "SKETCHING" REFERS TO THE INITIAL
DRAWING OF YOUR 2D DESIGN OUTLINE, "PROFILE"
CREATES A CLOSED SHAPE BY CONNECTING LINES IN
THE SKETCH, "CONSTRAINTS" DEFINE RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ELEMENTS TO MAINTAIN GEOMETRIC
ACCURACY, AND "DIMENSIONS" ADD NUMERICAL
VALUES TO SPECIFY THE PRECISE SIZE AND LOCATION
OF FEATURES WITHIN YOUR MODEL, ALL WORKING
TOGETHER TO BUILD A PRECISE 3D OBJECT.
• SKETCHING:
• USE THE LINE TOOL TO DRAW BASIC SHAPES AND LINES,
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF SKETCHUP'S INFERENCE SYSTEM
TO SNAP TO POINTS AND EDGES FOR ACCURACY.
• CREATE OPEN OR CLOSED LOOPS DEPENDING ON YOUR
DESIRED PROFILE.
• CAN BE DONE IN ANY VIEW (TOP, SIDE, FRONT) TO BEST
VISUALIZE THE DESIGN.
• PROFILE:
• ONCE YOUR SKETCH IS COMPLETE, CLOSE THE LOOP
BY CONNECTING THE LAST POINT TO THE FIRST TO
FORM A CLOSED PROFILE.
• THIS PROFILE WILL BE THE BASE FOR CREATING 3D
FEATURES LIKE EXTRUDES, REVOLVES, OR SWEEPS.
• CONSTRAINTS:
• APPLY CONSTRAINTS TO DEFINE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
LINES AND POINTS IN YOUR SKETCH, ENSURING THEY MOVE
TOGETHER AS YOU EDIT THE MODEL.
• COMMON CONSTRAINTS INCLUDE:
• ENDPOINT CONSTRAINTS: CONNECTING TWO LINES AT THEIR
ENDPOINTS
• PARALLEL CONSTRAINTS: FORCING LINES TO STAY PARALLEL
• PERPENDICULAR CONSTRAINTS: CREATING RIGHT ANGLES
BETWEEN LINES
• HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL CONSTRAINTS: ALIGNING LINES TO
THE HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL PLANE
• DIMENSIONS:
• USE THE "DIMENSION" TOOL TO ADD NUMERICAL VALUES
TO YOUR SKETCH, SPECIFYING DISTANCES, ANGLES, AND
RADII.
• DIMENSIONS DYNAMICALLY UPDATE AS YOU MODIFY YOUR
MODEL.
• KEY DIMENSION TYPES:
• LINEAR DIMENSIONS: MEASURING DISTANCES BETWEEN
POINTS
• ANGULAR DIMENSIONS: SPECIFYING ANGLES BETWEEN LINES
• DIAMETER DIMENSIONS: DEFINING THE DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE
• EXAMPLE WORKFLOW:
• 1. SKETCH:
• DRAW A BASIC RECTANGLE IN THE TOP VIEW USING THE LINE
TOOL, USING INFERENCES TO ENSURE STRAIGHT LINES AND
ACCURATE CORNERS.
• 2. PROFILE:
• CLOSE THE RECTANGLE TO CREATE A CLOSED LOOP,
FORMING THE PROFILE FOR YOUR FUTURE SHAPE.
• 3. CONSTRAINTS:
• ADD CONSTRAINTS TO LOCK THE RECTANGLE'S SIDES TO BE
PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL, ENSURING IT MAINTAINS ITS
RECTANGULAR SHAPE WHEN MODIFIED.
• 4. DIMENSIONS:
• ADD LINEAR DIMENSIONS TO SPECIFY
THE EXACT LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE
RECTANGLE.
• 5. EXTRUDE:
• USE THE "PUSH/PULL" TOOL TO EXTRUDE
THE PROFILE TO CREATE A 3D BOX.
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS (MULTI-VIEW)

• ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS ARE THE TWO-

DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS THAT REPRESENT A
THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT FROM
DIFFERENT ANGLES. THE MOST COMMON
VIEWS ARE THE FRONT, TOP, AND RIGHT
SIDE.
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS ARE THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS THAT
REPRESENT A THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT FROM DIFFERENT ANGLES. THE
MOST COMMON VIEWS ARE THE FRONT, TOP, AND RIGHT SIDE.
PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

• A "PERSPECTIVE DRAWING" IN CAD REFERS TO A 3D

REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT WHERE LINES
CONVERGE TOWARDS VANISHING POINTS, CREATING
THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH AND ACCURATELY DEPICTING
HOW AN OBJECT WOULD APPEAR TO THE VIEWER FROM
A SPECIFIC VIEWPOINT, ESSENTIALLY MIMICKING REAL-
LIFE PERSPECTIVE AS SEEN BY THE HUMAN EYE;
• IN SKETCHUP,
"PERSPECTIVE" REFERS
TO A VIEWING MODE THAT
SIMULATES HOW WE
PERCEIVE DEPTH AND
DISTANCE IN 3D SPACE,
MAKING OBJECTS APPEAR
SMALLER AND CLOSER TO
THE VANISHING POINT AS
THEY RECEDE INTO THE
DISTANCE. THIS IS THE
DEFAULT VIEW IN
SKETCHUP, WHERE LINES
APPEAR TO CONVERGE
TOWARDS A HORIZON LINE.
• PARALLEL
PROJECTION: SHOWS
THE MODEL IN A 2D
VIEW, WHERE LINES
APPEAR PARALLEL AND
THERE'S NO SENSE OF
DEPTH OR VANISHING
POINTS.
 TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE:

• ILLUSTRATORS OFTEN USE

TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE
IN SKETCHUP TO DRAW
3D BUILDINGS AND
CONCEPT ART, WHERE
TWO VANISHING POINTS
ARE USED TO CREATE A
MORE REALISTIC
REPRESENTATION OF
DEPTH.
VANISHING POINTS:

• IN PERSPECTIVE VIEW, LINES APPEAR TO

CONVERGE TOWARDS A HORIZON LINE,
CREATING THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH.
 Vanishing Point

True Perspective
• Objects drawn in true perspective
look realistic.
• They have “vanishing points”
where straight lines seem to
converge Vanishing Points
• They can have one, two or three vanishing
points, depending on how much the artist
wants to work.
• But in true perspective, objects far
away will be drawn smaller than
nearby objects… not a good idea
in technical drawing!
Vanishing Points
 Isometric Projection
(a simulated perspective drawing style)

• Isometric (or simulated

perspective) drawings
look at first like
perspective drawings…
• But the lines don’t
converge. There are no
vanishing points and
distant objects are the 60˚
Represents 90˚
same size as nearby
ones.
• Right angles in isometric
projections are usually
represented by 60° or Represents 90°

120° angles.
An Isometric Drawing
 Oblique Projection
another “simulated” perspective

• Similar to isometric projection, it This side

is not!

is also a “simulated perspective” This side is

accurate
• In oblique projections, the side 90°
=60° 90°
of the object facing you is drawn
“square” and accurate (that is
with right angles at 90° and its
measurements proportional)
• The sides not facing you are
distorted
• Warning: Your workbook calls this oblique
perspective, but it is not a true perspective.
 Orthographic Projections
• Orthographic projections “flatten” one view of the object
onto a sheet of paper, while retaining the correct
proportions (angles and dimensions)
• Maps are an example of orthographic projection (a top
view)
• The trouble with orthographic projections is that one view
usually isn’t enough.
• Maps and floor-plans are exceptions, where one top-view is often
enough.
 Orthographic Projection
(Multi-view)
• Draws an object as it
would be seen from
several different
directions
• The views are “flat”,
with all angles shown
correctly and all
measurements to
scale.
• TO CREATE PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS IN
SKETCHUP, YOU CAN USE THE CAMERA
SETTINGS TO ADJUST THE VIEW OF YOUR
MODEL. YOU CAN ALSO USE THE "PUSH/PULL"
TOOL TO CREATE WALLS AND THE "TAPE
MEASURE" TOOL TO ESTABLISH A VANISHING
POINT.
BASIC LINES

Visible Represents the Thick Draw the visible

object edges
(Object) Line outline with these lines

Hidden Line Shows hidden Medium Draw hidden

edges with
details dashed these

Dimension Used to indicate Fine, Dimension &

8cm extension lines
Line a dimension with arrows
go together!
Extension Used with a Fine 8 cm
Line dimension line Near arrows

Center Shows center or Fine

(Axial) Line symmetry With dash in
middle