Introductory Mathematical Analysis

For Business, Economics, and The

Life and Social Sciences
Fourteenth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 2

Functions and Graphs

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Chapter Objectives
• To understand what functions, domains, and ranges are.
• To introduce different types of functions.
• To introduce addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
and multiplication by a constant.
• To introduce inverse functions and properties.
• To graph equations and functions.
• To study symmetry about the x- and y-axis.

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2.1 Functions
• A function is a special type of relation that expresses how
one quantity (output) depends on another quantity (input).
• A function assigns each input number to one output
number.
Example:
I (interest) is a function of t (time).
It shows what must be done to t to find the I.
• The set of all input numbers is the domain of the function.
• The set of all output numbers is the range.

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2.1 Functions
• A variable that takes on values in the domain of a function
is called an input, or an independent variable.
• A variable that takes on values in the range of a function is
called an output, or a dependent variable.
Example: y is a function of x.

Example:
replace x by 3 in the f function

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2.1 Functions

Equality of Functions
To say that two functions f , g : X  Y are equal, denoted
f  g, is to say that

1. The domain of f is equal to the domain of g.

2. For every x in the domain of f and g , f ( x) g ( x).

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2.1 Functions
Example 1 – Determining Equality of Functions
Determine which of the following functions are equal.

( x  2)( x  1)
A. f ( x) 
( x  1)

B. g ( x)  x  2


C. k ( x)  x  23 ifif xx 
1
1

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2.1 Functions
Example 1 – Continued

Solution: Observe that the domains of g and k are equal to

each other, but that of f is different. So, by requirement 1 for
equality, f ≠ ag nd f ≠ k .

By definition, g ( x ) = k (for
x )all x 1.
Note that g ( 1 )= 𝑘 ( 1 )= 3
We conclude that g =k .

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2.1 Functions
Example 2 – Finding Function Values
Let g ( x ) 3 x 2
 x  5. Note that the domain of g is all real
numbers.
a. Find g(z).
Solution: g ( z ) 3z 2  z  5
b. Find g (r 2 ).
2 2 2 2 4 2
Solution: g (r ) 3(r )  r  5 3r  r  5
c. Find g ( x  h).
Solution: g ( x  h) 3( x  h) 2  ( x  h)  5
3( x 2  2 xh  h 2 )  x  h  5
3x 2  6 xh  3h 2  x  h  5
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2.2 Special Functions
1 – Constant Function
Let h : ( , )  (, ) be given by h( x)  2. The domain of h is
( , ) the set of all real numbers. All function values are 2.
For example, h 10   2, h  387   2, h( x  3)  2.
We call h a constant function. More generally, a function of
the form h( x)  c. where c is a constant, is called a constant
function.

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2.2 Special Functions
2 – Rational Functions
x2  6x
a. f ( x)  is a rational function, since the numerator
x 5
and denominator are each polynomials.
2x  3
b. g ( x) 2 x  3 is a rational function, since 2 x  3  .
1
3 – Absolute-Value Function
The Function f ( x)  x is called the absolute - value function


x  x if x 0
 x if x  0

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2.3 Combinations of Functions
In general, for any functions f , g : X  ( , ), we define the
Sum f  g , the difference f  g , the product fg, and the quotient
f
as follows:
g
( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
( fg )( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
f f ( x)
( x)  for g ( x) 0
g g ( x)

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2.3 Combinations of Functions
Example 1 – Combining Functions
If f ( x) 3x  1 and g ( x)  x 2  3x, find a. ( f  g )( x), b. ( f  g )( x),
f
c. ( fg )( x), d . ( x), e. (1 / 2  f )( x)
g

Solution:
a. ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) (3x  1)  ( x 2  3x)  x 2  6 x  1
2 2
b. ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) (3x  1)  ( x  3x)  1  x

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2.3 Combinations of Functions
Example 1 – Continued
Solution, continued
c. ( fg )( x)  f ( x) g ( x) (3 x  1)( x 2  3 x) 3 x 3  8 x 2  3 x
d. f f ( x) 3x  1
( x)   2
g g ( x) x  3x
e. ((1 / 2) f )( x) (1 / 2)( f ( x)) (1 / 2)(3 x  1)

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2.3 Combinations of Functions
For functions g : X  Y and f : Y  Z , the composite of f
with g is the function f  g : X  Z defined by

( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))

Where the domain of f  g is the set of all those x in the

domain of g such that g ( x) in the domain of f.

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2.3 Combinations of Functions
Example 3 – Composition
2
If F ( p )  p  4 p  3, G ( p ) 2 p  1, find
a. F (G ( p ))
b. G ( F 1))

Solution:

a. F (2 p  1) (2 p  1) 2  4(2 p  1)  3 4 p 2  12 p  2

2
b. G ( F (1)) G (1  4 1  3) G (2) 2 2  1 5

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2.4 Inverse Functions
A function that satisfies, for all a and b if f (a )  f (b)
then a = b, is called a one-to-one function.

1
A function has an inverse, written f ( x), precisely if it is
one-to-one.
In general,
f  1 ( f ( x))  x for all x in the range of f
and
f ( f  1 ( y ))  y for all y in the domain of f

Note that the range of f can be different from the domain of f.

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2.4 Inverse Functions
Example 1 – Inverses of Linear Functions
Show that a linear function (a function of the form f ( x) ax  b, where a  0)
is one-to-one. Find the inverse of f ( x) and show that it is also linear).
Solution: Assume that f (u )  f (v), that is, au  b av  b.
This gives au av, and since a  0 it follows that
Thus, f ( x) is one-to-one.
x b
Consider g ( x)  . We have
a
x b
( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x)) a  b ( x  b)  b  x
a
(ax  b)  b ax
and ( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))   x
a a
It follows that g is the inverse of f.
x b 1 b
1
Since g ( x)  f ( x)   x  , we conclude that f  1 ( x) is linear.
a a a

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2.4 Inverse Functions
Example 5 – Finding the Inverse of a Function
To find the inverse of a one-to-one function f, solve the
equation y  f ( x) for x in terms of y, obtaining x  g ( y ).
1 1 2
Then f ( x )  g ( x ). Ex: Find f ( x ) if f ( x ) ( x  1) , for x 1.
Solution: Let y ( x  1) , for x 1. Then x  1  y and hence,
2

x  y  1. It follows that f  1 ( x)  x  1.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
• A rectangular coordinate system allows us to specify and
locate points in a plane. It also provides a geometric way to
graph equations in two variables.
An x-intercept of the graph of an Figure 2.9 Graphing y  x 2  2 x – 3.
equation in x and y is a point
where the graph intersects the
x-axis.

A y-intercept is a point where

the graph intersects the y-
axis.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
Example 1 Figure 2.10 Graph of y = 2x+3.
Find the x- and y- intercepts of the x 0 
1 over 2.
3 1 over 2.
1

1 over 2.
1
1 -1 2 -2
2 2 2
graph of y = 2x + 3, and sketch the y 3 0 4 2 5 1 7 -1
graph.
Solution: If y = 0,
3
then 0 = 2x + 3 so that x  .
2
3
Thus, the x-intercept is   , 0  .
2 
If x = 0, then
y = 2(0) + 3 = 3, so the y-intercept is
(0, 3).

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
Example 2 Figure 2.12 Graph of x = 3.
Determine the intercepts of
the graph x = 3, and sketch
the graph.
Solution: We can write x = 3
as x = 3 + 0y.
Here y can be any value, but
x must be 3.
The x-intercept is (3, 0), and x 3 3 3

there is no y-intercept y 0 3 -2

because x cannot be 0.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
Example 3 – Graph of a Case-Defined Function
Graph the case-defined Figure 2.17 Graph of a case-
function defined function.

 x if 0 x < 3

f ( x)  x  1 if 3 x 5
 4 if 5 < x 7

Solution:
q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f(x) 0 1 2 2 3 4 4 4

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2.6 Symmetry
1) A graph is symmetric about the y-axis if and only if ( a, b)
lies on the graph when (a, b) does.
Example 1 – y-axis Symmetry
Use the preceding definition to
2
show that the graph of y  x .
is symmetric about the y-axis.
Solution: Suppose (a, b) is any
2
point on the graph of y  x
2
Then b a .
Moreover, consider the point
( a, b) : (  a ) 2 a 2 b. Figure 2.25 Symmetry
about the y-axis.
This shows that ( a, b)
is also on that graph.
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2.6 Symmetry
2) A graph is symmetric about the x-axis if and only if ( x,  y )
lies on the graph when (x, y) does.
3) A graph is symmetric about the origin if and only if ( x,  y )
lies on the graph when (x, y) does.

Figure 2.26 Symmetry Figure 2.27 Symmetry

about the x-axis. about the origin.

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2.6 Symmetry
Example 2 – Graphing with Symmetry
Test y  f ( x) 1  x 4 for symmetry about the x-axis, the y-axis, and the
origin. Then find the intercepts and sketch the graph.
Solution-Symmetry:
4 4
x-axis: Replacing y by  y in y 1  x gives  y 1  x ,
y  1  x 4 which is not equivalent to the given equation. The graph is not
symmetric about the x-axis.
y-axis: Replacing x by  x in y 1  x 4 gives y 1  ( x) 4 , equivalently,
y 1  x 4
which is the given equation. The graph is symmetric about the y-axis.
4
Origin: Replacing x by  x and y by – y in y 1  x gives  y 1  ( x) 4 ,

equivalently, y  1  x 4
which is not equivalent to the given equation. The graph is not symmetric
about the origin.
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2.6 Symmetry
Example 2 – Continued Figure 2.29 Graph of
Solution - Intercepts: y  1 – x4 .
4
We set y  0 in y 1  x .
4 x y
Then 1  x 0 0 1
(1  x 2 )(1  x 2 ) 0 1
2
1 over 2.
15
16
15 over 16.

(1  x)(1  x)(1  x 2 ) 0
3
3 over 4.
175
175 over 256.

4 256

1 0
x 1 or x   1. 3 65
3 over 2.


Negative 65 over 16.

2 16

The x-intercepts are therefore

1, 0  and  1, 0 
We set x = 0, then y = 1, so
(0,1) is the only y-intercept.
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2.6 Symmetry
A graph is symmetric about the line y = x if and only if (b,a)
lies on the graph when (a, b) does.
Example 3 – Symmetry about the Line y = x
Use the preceding definition to show that x 2  y 2 1 is
symmetric about the line y = x.
Solution: Interchanging the roles of x and y produces x 2  y 2 1,
which is equivalent to x 2  y 2 1. Thus x 2  y 2 1 is symmetric
about the line y = x.

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