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Chapter 4

Chapter IV focuses on the analysis of simple structures, including plane trusses, space trusses, frames, and machines, emphasizing the determination of internal forces through methods such as the method of joints and the method of sections. It discusses the concepts of statical determinacy and constraints, explaining how to analyze forces acting on trusses and frames. The chapter highlights the importance of free body diagrams and the application of equilibrium equations in structural analysis.

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13 views22 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter IV focuses on the analysis of simple structures, including plane trusses, space trusses, frames, and machines, emphasizing the determination of internal forces through methods such as the method of joints and the method of sections. It discusses the concepts of statical determinacy and constraints, explaining how to analyze forces acting on trusses and frames. The chapter highlights the importance of free body diagrams and the application of equilibrium equations in structural analysis.

Uploaded by

Endalamaw Ejigu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER IV

Analysis of simple
structures
outline

o Introduction
o Plane Trusses
• Constraints and Statical determinacy
o Force analysis of plane truss
 Method of Joints
 Method of sections
o Space Truss
o Frames and machines
Introduction
 An engineering structure is any connected system of
members built to support or transfer forces and to safely
withstand the loads applied to it.
 In this chapter we shall analyze the internal forces acting in
several type s of structures, namely, trusses, frames and
simple machines.
 To determine the forces internal to an Engineering structure,
we must dismember the structure and analyze separate free
body diagrams of individual members or combination of
members.
 This analysis requires careful application of Newton’s third
law, which states that each action is accompanied by an
equal and opposite reaction.
Plane Truss
A truss is a framework composed of members joined at their
ends to form a rigid structure. The term rigid is used in the
sense of non-collapsible and also in the sense that
deformation of the members due to induced internal strains is
negligible.
When the members of the truss lie essentially in a single
plane, the truss is known as a plane truss.
The basic element of a plane truss is the triangle.
Structures that are built from a basic triangle in the manner
described are known as simple trusses.
All members in a simple truss are assumed to be two-force
members. The members may be in tension (T) or in
compression (C).
Plane Truss
The weight of truss members is assumed small compared with the force it
supports. If it is not, or if the small effect of the weight is to be accounted
for, the weight W of the member may be replaced by two forces, each W/2
if the member is uniform, with one force acting at each end of the member.
When welded or riveted connections are used to join structural members,
the assumption of a pin-jointed connection is usually satisfactory if the
centerlines of the members are concurrent at the joint.

We also assume in the analysis of simple trusses that all external forces
are applied at the pin connections. This condition is satisfied in most
trusses. In bridge trusses the deck is usually laid on cross beams that are
supported at the joints.
Constraints and Statical determinacy
When more members are present than are needed to prevent
collapse, the truss is statically indeterminate. Additional
members or supports that are not necessary for maintaining
the equilibrium position are called redundant.

Externally indeterminate: Ra > R, where Ra = number of


reactions and R = number of equations.
DI = Ra - R

Internally indeterminate: M + R > 2J, Where M = Number of


members and J = number of joints
DI = (M + R) – 2J
Overall degree of indeterminacy: DI = (M+Ra) - 2J
Force Analysis of Plane
Truss
The external reactions are usually determined by computation from the
equilibrium equations applied to the truss as a whole before the force
analysis of the remainder of the truss is begun.
Method of Joints
This method for finding the forces in the members of a simple truss
consists of satisfying the conditions of equilibrium for the forces acting
on the connecting pin of each joint.
 The method deals with the equilibrium of concurrent forces, and
only two independent equilibrium equations are involved. (ΣFx = 0
and ΣFy = 0 for each joint)
 We begin the analysis with any joint where at least one known load
exists and where not more than two unknown forces are present.
Taking free body diagram of a joint, tension will always be indicated
by an arrow away from the pin, and compression will always be
indicated by an arrow toward the pin.
 In some instances it is not possible to initially assign the correct
direction of one or both of the unknown forces acting on a given pin.
In this event we may make an arbitrary assignment. A negative
value from the computation indicates that the assumed direction is
incorrect.
Method of Sections
 On the analysis of plane trusses by the method of joints, we
took advantage of only two of the three equilibrium
equations, since the procedures involve concurrent forces at
each joint.
 We may take advantage of the third or moment equation of
equilibrium by selecting an entire section of the truss for the
free body in equilibrium under the action of a non-
concurrent system of forces.
 This method of sections has the basic advantage that the
force in almost any desired member may be found directly
from an analysis of a section, which has cut that member.
Thus it is not necessary to proceed with the calculation from
joint to joint until the member in question has been reached.
 In choosing a section of the truss, we note that, in general,
not more than three members whose forces are unknown
may be cut, since these are only three available equilibrium
relations which are independent.
 In some cases the methods of sections and joints can
be combined for an efficient solution.
Space Trusses
A space truss is the three dimensional counterpart of the plane
truss. The idealized space truss consists of rigid links
connected at their ends by ball and socket joint.

Statical Determinacy : Because the equilibrium of each joint is


specified by three scalar force equations, there are in all 3j
such equations for a space truss with j joints.

Internally : DI = (M + R) – 3J; where R = 6 for 3D (6 unknown


reaction externally to at least ensure stability)

Method of joints and method of section still apply to space


A Tetrahedron
trusses. However for method of joints, we normally begin the
analysis at a joint where at least one known force
acts and not more than three unknown forces are
present. Moreover a section should in general not
pass through more than 6 members whose forces
are unknown.
Frames and Machines
A structure is called a frame or machine if at least one of its
individual members is a multi-force member.
A multi-force member is defined as one with three or more forces
acting on it or one with two or more forces and one or more
couples acting on it.
o Frames are structures which are designed to support applied
loads and are usually fixed in position.
o Machines are structures which contain moving parts and are
designed to transmit forces or couples from input values to
output values.
The forces acting on each member of a connected system are
found by isolating the member with a free-body diagram and
applying the established equations of equilibrium.
The principle of action and reaction must be carefully observed
when we represent the forces of interaction on the separate free-
body diagrams.
In most cases we find that the analysis of frames and machines is
facilitated by representing the forces in terms of their rectangular
components.
Frames and Machines
The analysis is best begun by establishing all the forces external
to the structure considered as a single rigid body. We then
dismember the structure and consider the equilibrium of each
part separately.

If the structure is not a rigid unit by itself but depends on its


external supports for rigidity, as in the figure below, then the
calculation of the extern al support reactions cannot be
completed until the structure is dismembered and the individual
parts are analyzed.
Frames and Machines
It is not always possible to assign every force or it s
components in the proper sense when drawing the free body
diagrams and it becomes necessary for us to make an arbitrary
assignment.
In any event it is absolutely necessary that a force be
consistently represented on the diagrams for interacting
bodies, which involve the force in question.
For example, for two bodies connected by the pin in the figure
below the force components must be consistently represented
in opposite directions on the separate free-body diagrams.
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