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8.hypothesis Testing

The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, detailing its significance in research for validating claims about population characteristics. It explains the types of hypotheses, rules for stating them, the importance of p-values, and how to use test statistics to make decisions regarding null hypotheses. The document emphasizes the balance between Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing.

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feredenatnael
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7 views43 pages

8.hypothesis Testing

The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, detailing its significance in research for validating claims about population characteristics. It explains the types of hypotheses, rules for stating them, the importance of p-values, and how to use test statistics to make decisions regarding null hypotheses. The document emphasizes the balance between Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing.

Uploaded by

feredenatnael
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis testing

Mekdes W. (MPH)

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Objective
At the end of this session you are expected to
To understand the concept of hypothesis
To understand on how to calculate hypothesis of a
single mean
To know on how to calculate hypothesis of a single
population proportion

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Introduction
• Researchers often have preconceived ideas about
what the values of these parameters might be and
wish to test whether the data conform to these ideas.

•Hypothesis test used to investigate the validity of a


claim about the value of a population characteristic.

For example:
1. The hospital administrator may want to test the
hypothesis that the average length of stay of patients
admitted to the hospital is 5 days!
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• Hypothesis testing is widely used in medicine,
dentistry, health care, biology and other fields as a
means to draw conclusions about the nature of
populations.

• Why is hypothesis testing so important?


• Hypothesis testing provides an objective framework
for making decisions using probabilistic methods,
rather than relying on subjective impressions.

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Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a statement or a claim about
population parameter such as population mean,
variance proportion and so on.

• A hypothesis is usually derived from


A hunch(simple guess)
An educational guess based on published articles
Preliminary observation.

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Types of hypothesis

• There are two types of hypothesis. Such as:


1. Research hypothesis
2. Statistical hypothesis

• A research hypothesis is the supposition or


conjecture that motivates the research.

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Cont’d…
• Statistical hypotheses are stated in such a way that
they may be evaluated by appropriate statistical
techniques.

• Of two types:
- Null hypothesis
- Alternative hypothesis

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Rules for sating statistical
hypothesis
• Stating hypothesis is different for single population
and two population.
1. One population
• Indication of equality (either =, ≤ or ≥) must
appear in Ho
Ho: μ = μo, HA: μ ≠ μo
Ho: P = Po, HA: P ≠ Po

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Rules cont’d…

• Example of one population


 Can we conclude that a certain population mean is
1) not 50?
Ho: μ = 50 and HA: μ ≠ 50

2) greater than 50?


Ho: μ ≤ 50 HA: μ > 50

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Rules cont’d…

2. Two population
Ho: μ1 = μ2 HA: μ1 ≠ μ2
Ho: P1 = P2 HA: P1 ≠ P2

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NOTE
• The general aim in hypothesis testing is to use
statistical tests that make α and β as small as
possible.

• This goal requires compromise because making α


small will increase β.

• In reality, a researcher wants both Type I and Type


II errors to be small. In terms of significance level
and power, we want a small significance level
(close to 0) and a large power (close to 1).
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P-value
• A p-value is the probability of getting the observed
difference, or one more extreme, in the sample
purely by chance from a population where the true
difference is zero.

• P-value measures how likely is that the observed


any observed difference between the groups is due
to chance.

• P- value being probability it can take any value


between 0 and 1
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Cont’d…
• Values close to ‘0’ indicate that the observed
difference is unlikely due to chance

• Where as p-value close to 1 indicate no difference


between the groups other than due to chance.

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P-value and confidence
interval
• Confidence intervals are referable because they
give information about the size of any difference in
the population

• And they also indicate the amount of uncertainty


remaining about the size of the difference.

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• But for what values of p-value should we reject
the null hypothesis?
– By convention, a p-value of 0.05 or smaller is
considered sufficient evidence for rejecting the
null hypothesis.
– By using p-value of 0.05, we are allowing a 5%
chance of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is in fact true.

Reject Ho if P-value< α
Accept Ho if P-value≥α

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Test statistic

• A test statistic assesses how consistent your sample


data are with the null hypothesis in a
hypothesis test.
• Test statistic calculations take your sample data and
boil them down to a single number that quantifies
how much your sample diverges from the null
hypothesis.
• Of different types: Z test, T test, F test

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Test statistics cont’d…

• Test statistics are unit less. This fact can make them
difficult to interpret on their own.
• You know they evaluate how well your data agree
with the null hypothesis.
• If your test statistic is extreme enough, your data
are so incompatible with the null hypothesis that
you can reject it and conclude that your results are
statistically significant.

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Decision rule
• Computed from the data of the sample
• The decision to reject or not to reject the Ho
is based on the magnitude of the test statistic
• The Z test and T test can be used.
• When the variance of the population is
unknown and the sample is small (n=30), we use T
test.

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Rejection and non-rejection
region
• The values of the test statistic assume the points on
the horizontal axis of the normal distribution and
are divided into two groups:

• Rejection region, and


• Non-rejection region

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Statistical decision

Reject Ho if the value of the test statistic that


we compute from our sample is one of the
values in the rejection region.

Don’t reject Ho if the computed value of the


test statistic is one of the values in the non
rejection region.

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By observing z table the area would shown
as shaded part on the table

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Any question??

Thank you

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