Chapter 6:

Mobile Telephony

1
 Introduction
Early mobile radio systems
 A single high powered transmitter (single cell)
 Large coverage area
 Low frequency resource utility
 Low user capacity

2
 Frequency Scarcity Problem
• If we use dedicated RF loop for every subscriber, we need
larger bandwidth to serve even a limited number of
subscribers in a single city.
Example
• A single RF loop requires 50 kHz B/W; then for one lakh
subscribers we need 1,00,000 x 50 kHz = 5 GHz.
• To overcome this B/W problem, subscribers have to share the
RF channels on need basis, instead of dedicated RF loops.
• This can be achieved by using multiple access methods
FDMA, TDMA, or CDMA.
• Even then the number of RF channels required to serve the
subscribers, works out to be impracticable.

3
 Cellular Era

• To overcome the constraints of bandwidth scarcity and to

give coverage to larger sections, BELL lab introduced
the principle of Cellular concept.
• By frequency reuse technique this method delivered
better coverage, better utility of available frequency
spectrum and reduced transmitter power.
• But the established calls are to be handed over between
base stations while the phones are on move.

4
 Frequency Bands used in Mobile
Communications

• A key part of any mobile phone specification is its

operating frequency bands.
• The supported frequency bands determine
whether a certain handset is compatible with a
certain network carrier or network standard and
thus determines the region it can or can't be used
in.

5
 Radio frequency bands

Radio frequency bands are divided into 3 broad

categories:
1. Frequencies that are not usable for commercial purposes and
are kept reserved for radio astronomy and Defense forces.
2. Frequencies that are unlicensed and are open for personal or
commercial use for free which includes 2.4GHz and 5GHz
WiFi, Bluetooth, cordless phones, etc.
3. Frequencies that are licenced by the government for
purposes like telecommunication.

6
 Frequency Bands – An Example

Band 1:
• Paired frequency band.
• The downlink frequency of this band lies in the
2100MHz region while the uplink frequency lies in the
1900MHz region.
• The total bandwidth is 60MHz X 2 of which 40MHz X
2 has been earmarked for Telecom operations while
20 MHz X 2 has been earmarked for defence.
• Used in India by Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Reliance,
Tata, Aircel, MTNL, BSNL for 3G services.

7
 Cell
• In wireless telephony, a cell is the geographical area covered by a
cellular telephone transmitter.
• Cellular network: Its is radio network distributed over land areas called
cells.
• Each Cell served by at least one fixed location transrecievers known as
Base stations
• The cell shape is generally chosen to be hexagonal as it avoids the
overlap that occurs in case of circular shape and unlike in square shaped
cells, the distance of the edges from the centre are most equal.

8
 Cellular Concepts
• The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving
the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity.
• It offered very high capacity in a limited spectrum
allocation without any major technological changes.
• The cellular concept has the following system level ideas
 Replacing a single, high power transmitter with many low
power transmitters, each providing coverage to only a small area.
 Neighboring cells are assigned different groups of channels in order to
minimize interference.
 The same set of channels is then reused at different geographical
locations.

9
 Advantages of Cellular Concept
• Increased Capacity
• Reduced Power Use.
• Large Coverage area
• Reduced Interference from other signals.

10
Fundamentals of Cellular Systems
What is a Cell ?
• With limited frequency resource,
cellular principle can serve thousands
of subscribers at an affordable cost.
• In a cellular network, total area is
subdivided into smaller areas called
“cells”.
• Each cell can cover a limited number
of mobile subscribers within its
boundaries.
• Each cell can have a base station
with a number of RF channels.
• Frequencies used in a given cell area
will be simultaneously reused at a
different cell which is geographically
11
separated.
 Frequency Reuse
Frequencies reuse is the process of using the same
radio frequencies on the radio transmitter within a
geographic area that are separated by sufficient
distance to cause minimal interference with each
other.
Frequency reuse allows a dramatic increase in the
number of customers that can be served within a
geographic area on a limited amount of radio spectrum
(radio channels)

12
 Frequency Reuse

• In a group of 7 cells, available frequency spectrum is consumed totally.

• The same seven sets of frequency can be used after certain distance.
• The group of cells where the available frequency spectrum is totally
consumed is called a cluster of cells.
• Two cells having the same number in the adjacent cluster, use the
same set of RF channels and hence are termed as “Co-channel
cells”.
• The distance between the cells using the same frequency should be
sufficient to keep the co-channel (co-channel) interference to an
acceptable level. 13
• Hence, the cellular systems are limited by Co-channel interference.
 Co-channel Interference
• Cells using the same set of frequencies are called
cochannel cells, and the interference between
signals from these cells is called co-channel
interference.
• To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells
must be physically separated by a minimum distance to
provide sufficient isolation due to propagation.

14
 Requirement for Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring

• As the number of users in the system increases the channel

capacity consequently decreases.
• By using methods such as Cell splitting or cell sectoring, the
capacity is increased.

15
 Cell Splitting
• Cell Splitting is the process of subdividing a cell into smaller
cells each with its own Base Station.
• On splitting, new cells with smaller radius are added called
microcells.
• Each new cell created is independent and has reduced
antenna height and transmitter power.
• Cell splitting is done in case of congested cells.

16
 Advantages of Cell Splitting
• Increases the capacity of the channel considerably.
• Increases the frequency reuse factor.
• Increases signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio.
• Reduces interference.

Disadvantages of Cell Splitting

 For each individual cell, an individual base station is required
so a huge number of base stations are needed in this
process.
 Frequent handoffs
 Difficult to execute channel assignments
17
 Cell splitting using Umbrella approach
• The umbrella approach saves one from building multiple base
stations.
• In umbrella approach, the single base tower serves all the
split cells via antenna on it at different heights.

18
 Cell Sectoring
• Cells are divided into a number of wedge-shaped sectors,
each with its own set of channels.
• By wedge-shaped we mean that the cells are divided at an
angle of 120° or 60°. These sectored cells are called
microcells.
• Cell sectoring basically involves replacing an omni directional antenna at
the base station by several directional antennas.
• Like Cell Splitting, it also helps in increasing channel
capacity and decreases channel interference.
• 3 or 6 sectors are created from a given cell.
• It increases system performance by using a directional
antenna.

19
 Cell Sectoring
There are two types of sectoring in a cell
1. 3 Sectors 12001200 each

2. 6 Sectors 600600 each

20
 Advantages of Cell Sectoring
• Increases the capacity
• Better Signal/Interference ratio (S/I)
• Reduces cluster size, more freedom in assigning channels.
• Sectorization is less expensive than cell-splitting, as it does not
require the acquisition of new base station sites.

Limitations of Cell Sectoring

• Increases the number of antennas per base station.
• Decreases efficiency as sectoring reduces the channel groups.
• Excessive interference leads to traffic loss.
• The number of handoffs increases as the working area of the
cell decreases in Cell Sectoring.
21
 Handoff

When a mobile moves into a

different cell while a conversation
is in progress, the MSC
automatically transfers the call to
a new channel belonging to the
new base station.
Types of Handoffs
 Hard Hand off- Break before
make
 Soft Hand off- Make before Break

22
 Codes in the Mobile Phone
Mobile phones have special codes associated with them.
These include:
• Electronic Serial Number (ESN) -Unique 32-bit number
programmed in the phone
• Mobile Identification Number (MIN) – 10 digit number
derived from the phone’s number.
• System Identification Code (SID) – unique 5 digit
number that is assigned to each carrier by the FCC.

• ESN is a permanent part of the phone while MIN and SID

codes are programmed in the phone when a service plan
is selected and activated.

23
 SIM Card
• A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification
module (SIM), widely known as a SIM card
• It is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely
store the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
number and its related key, which are used to identify
and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony
devices (such as mobile phones and computers).
• It is also possible to store contact information on many
SIM cards.
• SIM cards are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA
phones, they are only needed for newer LTE-capable
handsets.
• SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones, smart
watches, computers, or cameras.
24
 SIM Number

• SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)) is a

type of Smart card used in mobile phone.
• The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the
user’s subscription information and phone book.
• This allows the user to retain his or her information even
after switching off the handset.
• Alternatively, the user can also change service providers
while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.
• SIM card Securely stores the service subscriber key
having 10 digits.
• The digits of the key are :
First 2 digits – access code (currently 98 or 94)
Second 3 digits – Provider code
Third 5 digits – Subscriber number 25
 IMEI Number
• The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number is a unique identification or serial number that all
mobile phones and smartphones have.
• The IMEI number can be found on the silver sticker on
the back of the phone, under the battery pack, or on the
box the phone comes in.
• The IMEI (15 decimal digits: 14 digits plus a check digit)
includes information on the origin, model, and serial
number of the device.
• GSM networks use the IMEI number to identify valid
devices, and can stop a stolen phone from accessing the
network.

26
 The GSM System

• Global System for Mobile Communications is the standard

for mobile telephone systems in the world.
• Signaling and speech channels are digital.
• GSM is a 2G system.
• Implementation of data communication applications.
• Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800
MHz bands while 3G GSM in the 2100 MHz frequency
band.

27
 GSM System Architecture
The GSM network is divided into three major systems −
• Network and Switching System (NSS)
• Base Station System (BSS)
• Mobile Station (MS)

28
 1. Mobile Station

Mobile Station (MS) Is mobile handset which contains two parts:

A. Mobile Equipment (ME): Mobile equipment contains the
software and hardware circuitry specific to the radio interfaces.
B. SIM: SIM is a small chip which contains Personal identity
Number (PIN), provided by the network operator at the time of
activation of the SIM.

29
 2. Base Station System (BSS)

• Provides & manages radio transmission paths between the

MS and the MSC.
• Consists of two parts.
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) also called Base Station.
 Base Station Controller (BSC).

30
 A. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

• Provides wireless communication environment to the

mobile user using the antennas.
• Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds
the RF signal to the antenna.
B. Base Station Controller
• Supervises BTSs, Handles Handoffs, maintains
appropriate power levels of the signal.
• Transfers the calls from MSC towards required BTS and
from BTS to required MSC.
• Manages the radio resources for one or a group of BTS’s.

31
 3. Network and Switching System

• Responsible for performing call processing and subscriber-

related functions.
• Manages the switching functions of the system and allows
MSCs to communicate with other networks such as PSTN and
ISDN.
• It consists of
A. Mobile Switching Center
B. Home Location Register
C. Visitor Location Register
D. Equipment Identity Register
E. Authentication Center

32
 A. Mobile Switching Center

• Manages communication between GSM and other

networks.
• Performs all the switching functions for all MS’s, located in
the geographic area controlled by its assigned BSSs.
• MSC contains the four parts: visiting location register,
home location register, equipment identity registers and
authentication centre.
• The home location register (HLR) and visitor location
register (VLR) are two sets of pointers that support mobility
and enable the use of the same cell phone number (or
mobile phone) over a wide range.

33
 B. Home Location Register (HLR)

• Maintains the record of all mobile users within the home

area.
• HLR is located at the MSC where the MS is initially
registered and is the initial home location for billing and
access information.

C. Visitor Location Register (VLR)

• Maintains the record of mobile users which moves from
their own home area to roaming area.
• VLR contains information about all MSs visiting that
particular MSC and hence points to the HLR of the
visiting MSs for exchanging related information about
the MS.
34
 D. Equipment Identity Register

• Database that contains information about the identity of

mobile equipment called International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI), which may be valid, suspect and prohibited.

E. Authentication Centre

• Provides authentication and encryption parameters that

verify the user’s identity.
• Protects network operators from different types of frauds.

35
 Mobile Phone
• Mobile phone is a Duplex device.
• When we use one frequency for talking, a second
separate frequency is used for listening.
• So that both the people on the call can talk at once.
• The Mobile phone can communicate on 1,664 channels
or more.
• The Mobile phones operate within the cells, so that it is
easy to switch on to different cells as they move around.
• A person using a cell phone can drive hundreds of
kilometers and can maintain a conversation during the
entire time because of the cellular approach.

36
Block Diagram of a Mobile Phone

37
Inside the Mobile phone
• Mobile phone is a sophisticated
device using SMD components,
Microprocessor, Flash memory etc.
• In addition to the Circuit board,
Mobile phone also has Antenna,
Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) ,
Keyboard, Microphone, Speaker and
Battery.
• The circuit board is the heart of the
Mobile phone.
• It has chips like Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog conversion chips
that translate the outgoing audio
signal from analog to digital and the
incoming signal from digital back to
analog. 38
Following are the Chips present in Mobile phone.

1. Digital signal processor:

 Generally rated as having 40 MIPS (millions of
instructions per second) to conduct calculations of
signal manipulation at high speed.

2. Microprocessor:
 Handles all the housekeeping tasks for the
keyboard and display.
 Deals with command and control signaling with
the base station, and coordinates the rest of the
functions on the board.

3. Flash memory and ROM Chips:

 Act as a storage location for the phone.
 Chips store the customizable options of the cell
phone, as well as the entire operating system.
 The power and radio frequency sections of the
phone, phone recharging and power management
etc are controlled by this chip.
 Controls several hundred FM channels.
 The RF amplifiers focus on signals that go in and
out of the phone’s antenna. 39
1. The microphone converts
the sound signal into an
analogue electrical signal.
2. The analogue signal is
amplified.
3. The ADC converts the
analogue signal to digital
4. The parallel to series
converter takes eight bit
binary number and emits
it as a series of pulses
(bits)
5. The modulated carrier
wave is amplified
6. The carrier wave is then
switched to the aerial and
sent to the base station.
40
 Multiple Access Techniques
• Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile
users to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio
spectrum.
• Provides simultaneous two-way communications (duplex
communications).
• A forward channel (downlink) from the Base Station (BS)
to the Mobile Station (MS) and a reverse channel (uplink)
from the MS to the BS are necessary.
• Process of using two frequencies is called frequency
duplexing.

41
 Multiple Access Techniques
1) Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
2) Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
3) Code division multiple-access (CDMA)

Two types of duplex systems are utilized;

1. Frequency division duplexing (FDD) divides the frequency
used
2. Time division duplexing (TDD) divides the same frequency by
time.

FDMA mainly uses FDD, while TDMA and CDMA systems use
either FDD or TDD.

42
 FDMA Concept

FDMA is a multiple-access system that has been widely adopted in

existing analog systems for portable and automobile wireless
telephones.
The BS dynamically assigns a different carrier frequency to each
active user (MS).
A frequency synthesizer is used to adjust and maintain the
transmission and reception frequencies. 43
 FDMA Structure

• Basic structure of a FDMA system consists of a BS and many MS’s.

• Pair of channels for the communication between the BS and the MS.
• Paired channels forward channel (downlink) and reverse channel (uplink).
• Different frequency bandwidths are assigned to different users (No frequency
overlapping between the forward and reverse channels.
• For eg, the forward and reverse channels for MS #1 are f1 and f11, respectively.
• Radio antenna is at a much higher elevation and the MS’s are shown at the same level.44
 FDMA – Forward and Reverse Channels

Structure of forward and reverse channels in FDMA

Guard Band in FDMA

• A protecting bandwidth is used between the forward and reverse channels.
• A guard band Wg between two adjacent channels is used to minimize adjacent channel
interference between them.
• The frequency bandwidth for each user is called subband Wc.
• If there are N channels in a FDMA system, the total bandwidth is equal to N · Wc. 45
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA is the basic technology for advanced mobile phone
services. The features of FDMA are as follows.

 FDMA allots a different sub-band of frequency to each

different user to access the network.
 If FDMA is not in use, the channel is left idle instead of
allotting to the other users.
 FDMA is implemented in Narrowband systems and it is less
complex than TDMA.
 Tight filtering is done here to reduce adjacent channel
interference.
 The base station BS and mobile station MS, transmit and
receive simultaneously and continuously in FDMA.

46
 FDMA
Advantages Disadvantages

1. If the channel is not in use, 1. The presence of guard

its sits idle. bands.
2. Channel Bandwidth is 2. Requires right RF filtering
narrow (30KHz) to minimize adjacent
3. Fairly efficient when the channel interference
number of stations is small 3. Maximum bit rate per
and the traffic is uniformly channel is fixed.
constant 4. Flexibility in channel
4. Uses existing hardware and allocation is less.
hence this technology is 5. Uplink power control is
cost efficient required to maintain the
5. Network timing is not link quality.
required, hence making
the system less complex. 47
 TDMA Concept

• TDMA splits a single carrier wave into several time slots and distributes
the slots among multiple users.
• The communication channels essentially consist of many units, i.e., time
slots, over a time cycle, which makes it possible for one frequency to be
efficiently utilized by multiple users, given that each utilizes a different
time slot .
• Used in the field of digital portable and automobile telephones and
48
mobile satellite communication systems.
TDMA System: Basic Structure

49
 TDMA – Forward and Reverse Channels

Structure of forward and reverse Channels in TDMA/FDD system

Structure of forward and reverse Channels in TDMA/TDD system

Two modes in TDMA system: FDD (forward/ reverse or uplink/downlink
communication frequencies differ) and TDD (forward/reverse communication
frequencies are the same).
Guard time between the slots so that interference due to propagation delays along
different paths can be minimized. 50
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

• TDMA is used continuous transmission is not required.

• The features of TDMA:
 TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users
where each users makes use of non-overlapping time slots.
 Data transmission in TDMA is not continuous, but occurs in
bursts. Hence handsoff process is simpler.
 TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception
thus duplexers are not required.
 TDMA has an advantage that is possible to allocate different
numbers of time slots per frame to different users.
 Bandwidth can be supplied on demand to different users by
concatenating or reassigning time slot based on priority.

51
 TDMA
Advantages Disadvantages
• Data rates of 64kbps to 120 Mbps • Each user has predefined time
• Provides the user with extended slot. When moving from one cell
battery life and talk time. to other, if all the time slots in this
• Separates users according to time; cell are full the user might be
it ensures that there will be no disconnected.
interference. • Subjected to multipath distortion.
• Allows the operator to do services (A signal coming from a tower to
like fax, voice bad data and SMS a handset might come from any
as well bandwidth intensive one of several directions. It might
application such as multimedia have bounced off several different
and video conferencing. buildings before arriving).
• Uplink power control is not • Requires a network wide time
required. synchronization which makes the
• Transmission plans and capacity entire system very complex.
management is done by the • Analog of digital conversions are
satellite are very flexible. required.
52
 CDMA Concepts
• Different spread-spectrum codes are selected and
assigned to each user, and multiple users share the same
frequency.
• Uses a modulation technique called spread spectrum.
Here all the users transmit signals simultaneously on the
multiple access schemes.
• Spread Spectrum: Refers to a modulation technique that converts the
baseband signal to a modulated signal with a spectrum bandwidth
that spread over the band orders of magnitude larger than that
normally necessary to transmit the baseband signal itself.

53
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

• CDMA is a technique where several transmitters use a

single channel to send information simultaneously.
• Features are as follows.
 Every user uses the full available spectrum instead of
getting allotted by separate frequency.
 Recommended for voice and data communications.
 While multiple codes occupy the same channel in
CDMA, the users having same code can communicate
with each other.
 Offers more air-space capacity than TDMA.
 The hands-off between base stations is very well
handled.

54
 Concept of CDMA

There are two basic types of CDMA implementation

methodologies:
1. Direct sequence (DS)
2. Frequency hopping (FH)
55
Structure of a CDMA

56
 Spread Spectrum
• Spread spectrum is a transmission technique wherein data
occupy a larger bandwidth than necessary.
• Bandwidth spreading is accomplished before transmission
through the use of a code that is independent of the
transmitted data. The same code is used to demodulate the
data at the receiving end.
m(t) = s(t) ⊗ c(t)
Applications:
• Designed for military use to avoid jamming (interference
created intentionally to make a communication channel
unusable).
• Used in personal communication systems due to its superior
performance in an interference dominated environment

57
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

• The radio signal is multiplied by a pseudorandom sequence whose bandwidth is

much greater than that of the signal itself, thereby spreading its bandwidth.
• This is a modulation technique wherein a pseudorandom sequence directly
phase modulates a (data-modulated) carrier, thereby increasing the bandwidth
of the transmission and lowering the spectral power density (i.e., the power
level at any given frequency).
• The resulting RF signal has a noise like spectrum and in fact can be intentionally
made to look like noise to all but the intended radio receiver.
• The received signal is de-spread by correlating it with a local pseudorandom
sequence identical to and in synchronization with the sequence used to spread
58
the carrier at the radio transmitting end.
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

• A pseudorandom sequence is used to change the radio signal frequency across a

broad frequency band in a random fashion.
• A spread spectrum modulation technique implies that the radio transmitter
frequency hops from channel to channel in a predetermined but pseudorandom
manner.
• The RF signal is de-hopped at the receiver end using a frequency synthesizer
controlled by a pseudorandom sequence generator synchronized to the
transmitter’s pseudorandom sequence generator.
• A frequency hopper may be fast hopped, where there are multiple hops per data
bit, or slow hopped, where there are multiple data bits per hop.
• Multiple simultaneous transmission from several users is possible using FH, as
long as each uses different frequency hopping sequences and none of them
“collides” (no more than one unit using the same band) at any given instant
59 of
time.
 CDMA
Advantages Disadvantages
• Good protection against • As the number of users
interference and tapping. increases, the overall quality of
• Potentially larger capacity services decreases.
(more users can communicate • Self jamming
simultaneously) • Relatively high complexity of
• The transition from one Base the receiver. (A receiver has to
station to another (handoff) is know the code and must
not abrupt as in TDMA and separate the channel with user
provides better quality. data from the background noise
• Easy addition of more users. composed of other signals and
• Impossible for hackers to environmental noise).
decipher the code sent. • To apply CDM, precise power
• Better signal quality. control is required.

60
 Comparison of Various Multiple Division
Techniques
Technique FDMA TDMA CDMA
Concept Divide the Divide the time into Spread the signal
frequency band into non-overlapping time with orthogonal
several subbands slots codes
Active terminals All terminals active Terminals active on in All terminals
on their specified their specified slot on active on same
frequencies same frequency frequency
Signal Filtering in Synchronization in Code separation
separation Frequency time
Handoff Hard handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff
Advantages Simple and robust Flexible Flexible
Disadvantages Inflexible, available Requires guard Complex
frequencies are space, receivers,
fixed, requires guard synchronization requires power
bands problem. control to avoid
near-far problem

61
 2G, 3G, 4G networks
• G" stands for "GENERATION".
• While connected to the internet, the speed of the
connection depends upon the signal strength that is
shown in abbreviations like 2G, 3G, 4G, etc. on any
mobile device.
• Each generation of wireless broadband is defined as a
set of telephone network standards that describe the
technological implementation of the system.
• Aim of wireless communication
 high quality
 reliable communication

62
 SECOND GENERATION (2G)
• 2G refers to the second generation of mobile networks
based on GSM.
• Radio signals used by the 1G network were analog,
while 2G networks were digital.
• 2G capabilities were achieved by allowing multiple users
on a single channel via multiplexing.
• Operated in the 900 MHz, 1,800 MHz, 850 MHz and
1,900 MHz bands.
• During 2G, cellular phones were used for data along with
voice.
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) known as 2.5G
provided data speeds of around 56–114 Kbps.
• Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
known as 2.75G and provided speeds of over 200 Kbps.
63
 Features of 2G
 Data speeds of up to 64 kbps
 Digital signals used instead of analog
 Enabled services such as SMS and MMS (Multimedia
Message)
 Provided better quality voice calls
 Bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz

64
 THIRD GENERATION (3G)
• 3G network combines aspects of the 2G network with
CDMA technologies and protocols to deliver a
significantly faster data rate.
• Operate in the 800 MHz, 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1,700
MHz, 1,900 MHz and 2,100 MHz bands.
• High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) provided speeds of
up to 14.4 Mbps and known as 3.5G. HSPA+
accelerated speeds up to 42 Mbps and beyond.

65
 Features of 3G
 Speed of up to 2 Mbps
 Increased bandwidth (15- 20 MHz)and data transfer rates
 Send/receive large email messages
 Large capacities and broadband capabilities

66
 FOURTH GENERATION (4G)
• The main difference between 3G and 4G is the data
rate.
• The key technologies that have made 4G possible are
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing).
• The most important 4G standards are WiMAX and LTE
(Long Term Evolution).
• 4G LTE is a “fourth generation long term evolution”,
capable of delivering a very fast and secure internet
connection.
• Enable data speeds of up to 100 Mbps.

67
 Features of 4G LTE
 Support interactive multimedia, voice, and video.
 High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit (Speeds of
up to 20 Mbps or more.)
 Global and scalable mobile networks.
 Ad hoc and multi-hop networks.

68
 Comparison between 2G vs 3G vs 4G
Comparison 2G 3G 4G
Introduced in 1993 2001 2009
year
Technology GSM WCDMA LTE, WiMax
Access system TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA
Switching type Circuit switching for Packet switching Packet switching
voice & packet
switching for data
Internet service Narrowband Broadband Ultraband
Bandwidth 25MHz 25MHz 100 MHz
Advantage Multimedia High security, Speed, high speed
features(SMS, MMS), international handoffs, global
internet access and roaming mobility
SIM introduced
Application Voice call, SMS Video conferencing, High speed
mobile TV, GPS applications, mobile
TV, wearable devices
69