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Chapter 4 (Logarithmic Function PPT 3 ) 2019

This document covers logarithmic functions, their properties, and how to evaluate them without a calculator. It includes examples demonstrating the conversion between logarithmic and exponential forms, as well as applications of logarithms in population growth and decay problems. Additionally, it addresses common misconceptions about logarithmic operations and provides examples of converting between different forms of exponential functions.

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Myran Pillay
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18 views18 pages

Chapter 4 (Logarithmic Function PPT 3 ) 2019

This document covers logarithmic functions, their properties, and how to evaluate them without a calculator. It includes examples demonstrating the conversion between logarithmic and exponential forms, as well as applications of logarithms in population growth and decay problems. Additionally, it addresses common misconceptions about logarithmic operations and provides examples of converting between different forms of exponential functions.

Uploaded by

Myran Pillay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4 (ppt 3)

MAY 2017
Prepared by MA HENDRICKS

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
and
PROPERTIES
What is a Logarithm?

The inverse of an exponential function

If x >0 , then
log x is the exponent of 10 that gives x.
i.e. y = log x then 10y = x
Logarithms to Exponents

Example 1
Rewrite the following statements using exponents instead of
logs.
(a) log 100 = 2 (b) log 0.01 = −2 (c) log 30 = 1.477

Solution
(a) log100 2  100 102

(b) log0.01 2  0.0110 2

(c) log30 1.477  30 101.477


Exponents to Logarithms

Example 1
Rewrite the following statements using exponents instead of
logs.
(a) 105 = 100 000 (b) 10−4 = 0.0001 (c) 100.8 = 6.3096.

Solution
(a) 105 100000  log100000 5

(b) 10 4 0.0001  log0.0001 4

(a) 100.8 6.3096  log6.3096 0.8


EVALUATING LOGARITHMS
without a calculator
Example 3
Evaluate WITHOUT a CALCULATOR the following:
(a) log 1 (b) log 1 0000 (c) log 0.001 (d) log(−10)
Solution
(a) log1x  10x 1100  x 0

(b) log10000 x  10 x 10000 104  x 4

(c) log0.001x  10 x 0.00110 3  x  3

(d) log 10 x  10x  10 ?  ???


Properties of the COMMON Logarithm

• By definition, y = log x means 10y = x


• In particular,
log 1 = 0 and log 10 = 1
• The functions 10x and log x are inverses, so they “undo” each
other:
log(10x) = x for all x,
10log x = x for x > 0
• For a and b both positive and any value of t,
log(a b) = log a + log b
log(a÷b) = log a − log b
log(bt) = t · log b.
Properties for the NATURAL Logarithm

• By definition, y = ln x means ey = x
• In particular,
ln 1 = 0 and ln e = 1
• The functions ex and ln x are inverses, so they “undo” each other:
ln(ex) = x for all x,
eln x = x for x > 0
• For a and b both positive and any value of t,
ln (a b) = ln a + ln b
ln (a ÷ b) = ln a − ln b
ln (bt) = t · ln b
Applying Properties of Logarithms

Example
Solve for x: 50 × 2x = 33700
Solution: 50 2x 33700
2x 33700 50 674
x log674
log2
9.397

Example
Solve for x: 5e2x = 50
Solution: 5 e2x 50
e2x 10
2x ln10
x 1.151
The Natural Logarithm

For x > 0,
ln x is the power of e that gives x

i.e. The Natural Logarithm

ln x = y means ey = x
and y is called the
natural logarithm of x.
Logarithmic and Exponential
Functions are Inverses

For any N,
log(10N) = N

and for N > 0,


10logN = N
SOME COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

• log(a + b) is NOT the same as log a + log b


• log(a − b) is NOT the same as log a − log b
• log(a b) is NOT the same as (log a)(log b)
• log (a ÷ b) is NOT the same as (log a) ÷ (log b)
• log (1 ÷ a) is NOT the same as 1 ÷ (log a)
THE LOGARITHMTHE M S
SOME APPLICATIONS
OF THE LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTION
EXAMPLE
A population , P in millions, is currently growing
according to the formula P = 29e0.009t
where t is years since 2015. When is the
population predicted to reach 35 million?
29e0.009t = 35
e0.009t = 35 ÷ 29
Thus, by the definition 0.009t = ln (35 ÷ 29)
Solving for t and evaluating ln(35 ÷ 29) using a calculator gives
t = ln(35 ÷ 29) ÷ 0.009 ≈ 20.9 years

The population is predicted to reach 35 million during the year 2036.


EXAMPLE Doubling initial value
Find the time needed for the turtle population
described by the function P = 175(1.145)t to
double its initial size.
We need to solve the following equation for t:

175(1.145)t = 350
1.145t = 2
log 1.145t = log 2
t · log 1.145 = log 2
t = log 2 ÷ log 1.145 ≈ 5.119 years
EXAMPLE of HALF-LIFE
The quantity, Q, of a substance decays according to the
formula Q = Q0e−kt, where t is in minutes. The half-life of
the substance is 11 minutes. What is the value of k?

Solution
We know that after 11 minutes, Q = 0.5 Q0
Thus, solving for k, we get Q0e−k·11 = 0.5 Q0
e−11k = 0.5
−11k = ln0.5
k = ln 0.5 ÷ (−11) ≈
0.06301

so k = 0.063 per minute.


This substance decays at the continuous rate of 6.301% per minute.
Converting between Q = a bt and Q = a ekt
Example
Convert the exponential function P = 175(1.145)t to the
form P = aekt
Solution
• The parameter a in both functions represents the initial
population.
• For all t, 175(1.145)t = 175(ek)t
so we must find k such that ek = 1.145
• By the definition of ln, we have
• k = ln 1.145 ≈ 0.1354
• Therefore, P = 175e0.1354t
Converting between Q = a ekt a and Q = a bt

Example
Convert the formula Q = 7e0.3t to the form Q = a bt
Solution
• Using the properties of exponents,
Q = 7e0.3t = 7(e0.3)t
• Using a calculator, we find
e0.3 ≈ 1.3499
• so Q = 7(1.3499)t
Exponential Growth Problems that Cannot Be Solved
By Logarithms

Finding the intersection of linear and


exponential graphs

With t in years, the population of a country (in millions) is given by


P = 2(1.02)t, while the food supply (in millions of people that
can be fed) is given by N = 4+0.5t.
Determine the year in which the country first experiences food
shortages.

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