Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi

Cloud Computing
Chapter No 1
Cloud Computing(Introduction )
• The computing trend moved toward cloud from the concept
of grid computing, particularly when large computing
resources are required to solve a single problem, using the
ideas of computing power as a utility and other allied
concepts.
• However, the potential difference between grid and cloud is
that grid computing supports leveraging several computers
in parallel to solve a particular application, while cloud
computing supports leveraging multiple resources,
including computing resources, to deliver a unified service
to the end user.
• In cloud computing, the IT and business resources, such as
servers, storage, network, applications, and processes, can
be dynamically provisioned to the user needs and workload.
Cloud Computing
 Paradigm
• The term paradigm conveys that there
is a set of practices to be followed to
accomplish a task.

• In the domain of computing, there are

many different standard practices
being followed based on inventions
and technological advancements
High-Performance Computing
• In high-performance computing
systems, a pool of processors
(processor machines or central
processing units [CPUs])
connected (networked) with other
resources like memory, storage,
and input and output devices, and
the deployed software is enabled
to run in the entire system of
connected components.
 Parallel Computing
• Parallel computing is also one of the facets of
HPC. Here, a set of processors work
cooperatively to solve a computational
problem.

• These processor machines or CPUs are

mostly of homogeneous type. Therefore, this
definition is the same as that of HPC and is
broad enough to include super computers
that have hundreds or thousands of
processors interconnected with other
resources.

• It is run using multiple processors

(multiple CPUs).
• A problem is broken down into discrete
parts that can be solved concurrently.
• Each part is further broken down into a
series of instructions.
 Distributed Computing
• Distributed computing is also a computing system that
consists of multiple computers or processor machines
connected through a network, which can be
homogeneous or heterogeneous, but run as a single
system.

• Distributed computing systems are advantageous over

centralized systems, because there is a support for the
following characteristic features:

1. Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be

easily expanded by adding more machines as
needed, and vice versa, without affecting the
existing setup.

2.Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines

can provide the same services, so that even if one
is unavailable (or failed), work does not stop
because other similar computing supports will be
available
 Cluster Computing
• A cluster computing system consists
of a set of the same or similar type
of processor machines connected
using a dedicated network
infrastructure.
• processor machines share resources
such as a common home directory
and have a software such as a
message passing interface (MPI)
implementation installed to allow
programs to be run across all nodes
simultaneously.
• is also a kind of HPC category. The
individual computers in a cluster
can be referred to as nodes.
 Grid Computing
• The computing resources in most of the
organizations are underutilized but are
necessary for certain operations. The idea of
grid computing is to make use of such non
utilized computing power by the needy
organizations, and thereby the return on
investment (ROI) on computing investments
can be increased.

• Thus, grid computing is a network of

computing or processor machines managed
with a kind of software such as middleware, in
order to access and use the resources
remotely. The managing activity of grid
resources through the middleware is called
grid services.
 Biocomputing
• Biocomputing systems use the concepts of
biologically derived or simulated
molecules (or models) that perform
computational processes in order to solve
a problem. The biologically derived models
aid in structuring the computer programs
that become part of the application.

• Biocomputing provides the theoretical

background and practical tools for
scientists to explore proteins and DNA. DNA
and proteins are nature’s building blocks,
but these building blocks are not exactly
used as bricks; the function of the final
molecule rather strongly depends on the
order of these blocks.
 Biocomputing
• Thus, the bio
computing scientist
works on inventing
the order suitable for
various applications
mimicking biology
 Mobile Computing
• In mobile computing, the processing
(or computing) elements are small
(i.e., handheld devices) and the
communication between various
resources is taking place using
wireless media.
• Mobile communication for voice
applications (e.g., cellular phone) is
widely established throughout the
world and witnesses a very rapid
growth in all its dimensions including
the increase in the number of
subscribers of various cellular
networks.
 Mobile Computing
• Mobile computing–based
applications are becoming
very important and rapidly
evolving with various
technological advancements
as it allows users to transmit
data from remote locations to
other remote or fixed
locations.
 Quantum Computing
• Manufacturers of computing
systems say that there is a limit
for cramming more and more
transistors into smaller and
smaller spaces of integrated
circuits (ICs) and thereby
doubling the processing power
about every 18 months.

• This problem will have to be

overcome by a new quantum
computing–based solution,
wherein the dependence is on
quantum information, the rules
that govern the subatomic
world.
 Quantum Computing
• Quantum computers are
millions of times faster than
even our most powerful
supercomputers today.
• Since quantum computing
works differently on the
most fundamental level than
the current technology, and
although there are working
prototypes, these systems
have not so far proved to be
alternatives to today’s
silicon-based machines.
 Optical Computing
• Optical computing system uses
the photons in visible light or
infrared beams, rather than
electric current, to perform
digital computations.

• An electric current flows at only

about 10% of the speed of light.
This limits the rate at which
data can be exchanged over
long distances and is one of the
factors that led to the evolution
of optical fiber.
 Optical Computing
• applying some of the
advantages of visible and/or IR
networks at the device and
component scale, a computer
can be developed that can
perform operations 10 or more
times faster than a
conventional electronic
computer.
 Nano computing
• Nano computing refers to
computing systems that are
constructed from nano scale
components. The silicon
transistors in traditional computers
may be replaced by transistors
based on carbon nanotubes.

• The successful realization of nano

computers relates to the scale and
integration of these nanotubes or
components. The issues of scale
relate to the dimensions of the
components; they are, at most, a
few nanometers in at least two
dimensions.
 Nano computing
• The issues of integration of
the components are twofold:
first, the manufacture of
complex arbitrary patterns
may be economically
infeasible, and second, nano
computers may include
massive quantities of
devices. Researchers are
working on all these issues to
bring nano computing a
reality.
 Network Computing
• Network computing is a way of
designing systems to take
advantage of the latest technology
and maximize its positive impact on
business solutions and their ability
to serve their customers using a
strong underlying network of
computing resources.
• In any network computing solution,
the client component of a networked
architecture or application will be
with the customer or client or end
user, and in modern days, they
provide an essential set of
functionality necessary to support
the appropriate client functions at
minimum cost and maximum
simplicity.
•
 Network Computing
• Unlike conventional PCs,
they do not need to be
individually configured and
maintained according to
their intended use.
• The other end of the client
component in the network
architecture will be a
typical server environment
to push the services of the
application to the client
end.
THE END