BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(3110006)

TRANSMISSION OF MOTION
AND POWER
CHAPTER : 12
 Outline
 Introduction
 Methods of drive
 Power transmission elements
 Shaft, Spindle and Axle
 Bearings
 Type of power transmission system (type of drives)
 Belt drives
 Velocity ration of belt drives
 Tension in belt drives
 Power transmitted by a belt drive
 Slip and creep in belt drives
 Gear drives
 Types of gears
 Velocity ration of gear drives
 Outline
 Gear trains
 Power transmitted by gearing
 Pulleys
 Chain drives
 Friction drive
 Comparison of belt drive, chain drive and gear drive
 Introduction
 Drive : It is an intermediate mechanism which transmit power
or motion from the prime mover to machine, from one machine
to another.
 It is also known as Power Transmission System.

 Drives are used instead of couplings for the following reason

1. High speed of the prime mover can be reduced and torque is
increased by drive which is requirement of machines.
2. By help of drives driven member gets variable speed when
the speed of prime mover is constant.
3. Several machines may run by one prime mover.
4. The machine should not be coupled directly to the prime
mover shaft due to considerations of safety, convenience and
maintenance.
 Methods of Drive
 Machines may be driven by any one of the following two
methods
1. Individual Drive
2. Group Drive
 Individual Drive
 In this drive each machine has its own electric motor and
starter.
 The motor is directly coupled with machine shaft by help of
belt, chain, gear or variable speed transmission system.
 This drive is more suitable where few machines scattered
over a large area.
 Group Drive
 In this drive, the main shaft runs from one end to the other
end of the shop and it drives by very powerful motor.

 This main shaft drives another shaft called counter-shaft.

 Counter shaft drives the machine shaft.

 Fast and loose pulleys are provided on the counter shaft

for starting and stopping the machine shaft.

 Counter shaft also contains a set of cone pulley to give a

wide range of spindle speeds.
Group Drive
Comparison of Individual Drive & Group Drive
No
Individual Drive Group Drive
.
1 It is suitable for small size It is suitable for medium and
workshop or where machines large size workshops where
may be moved frequently and machines are not scattered over
machines are scattered over large area.
large area.
2 Speed of a machine can control A set of cone pulleys give wide
separately. range of speed.

3 Individual machine does not Failure of main motor will stop

affect other machines when entire group of machines.
failure of a any motor.
4 Less power is wasted if less More power is wasted if the less
machines in working. machines in running but more
economical when all machines
are working in full load.
5 High Initial capital investment Less Initial capital investment
 Power Transmission Elements
 The main elements which are common to all type of
drive may be from the following

1. Driving and Driven Shaft

2. Connectors for transmission of motion and power
from driving to driven shaft : Belts, Chains, Gears,
Ropes, Pulleys
3. Supporting Element : Axle, Bearing, Brackets
4. Holding Element : Coupling, Pin , Key belts, Nuts
 Shaft
 Shaft : Shafts are machines member which support
revolving parts of machine such as pulleys, gears and
flywheels.
 Shaft are subjected to bending as well as torsional
loads.
 The shafts are usually cylindrical, but may be square
or cross-shaped in section.
 They are solid in cross-section but sometimes hollow
shaft are also used.
 Shaft
 There are basic two types of shafts as follows
 Transmission Shaft : It is used to transmit power
between power source and machine absorbing
power.
Ex : Line shaft, Counter shaft
 Machine Shaft : It is integral part of machine itself.
Ex : Crank shaft, Cam shaft in automobile, main
shaft of turbine
 Axle
 Axle : An axle is stationary machine member, similar
in shape to the shaft, and is used for the transmission
of bending moment only.
 Axle simply supports rotating body such as a car
wheel or rope sheave.
 Spindle
 Spindle : A spindle is a short shaft that provides
motion either to cutting tool or to a work piece.
 Ex : Lathe spindle, Drilling spindle

2NT
P  by
 The power transmitted by the shaft is given kW
60 1000
 Bearings
 Bearing : A bearing is a machine member which
support moving element (known as journal).

 The bearing supports against the radial and axial

loads imposed on shaft.

 Bearing reduces the frictional resistance of moving

element and resulting reduces power loss.

 The lubrication between contact surfaces reduce the

friction and wear.
 Classification of Bearings
Bearing
s

Sliding Rolling
Contact Contact
Bearings Bearings
Journa
Thrust Ball Roller
l
Bearin Bearin Bearin
Bearin
g g g
g
Radial Thrust Radial Thrust
Bearin Bearin Bearin Bearin
g g g g
 Sliding Contact Bearing
 The motion between the shaft and the bearing surface
is pure sliding.
 Sliding contact bearings can be classified according to
the direction in which the load acts on the bearing
surface.
a) Radial Bearing (Journal Bearing) : The load acts
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.
b) Thrust Bearing : The load acts along the axis of the
shaft.
 Sliding Contact Bearing
 Bushed Bearing
 It is simplest form of sliding contact journal bearing.
 It consists of iron bearing block and a brass bush.
 For lubrication of the shaft and the bush, the oil hole is
provided at the top of the bearing.
 Rolling Contact Bearing
 The contact between surfaces is pure rolling instead of pure
sliding as in sliding contact bearing.
 This bearing consists of fixed surface, moving element and steel
balls or steel rollers are kept between the two surfaces.
 The friction is very less.
 This type of bearing also known as antifriction bearings.

 There are main two types of rolling contact bearings.

1. Ball Bearing
2. Roller Bearing
 The ball and roller bearings consists of an inner race which is
mounted on the shaft and an outer race which is fixed in the
housing or casing.
 The balls or rollers are kept in between the inner and outer
race.
 The balls or rollers are retained in position by cage.
 Rolling Contact Bearing
 The ball bearing carries only radial load (load
perpendicular to axis of shaft) is known as radial ball
bearing.

 The ball bearing carries only thrust or axial load (load

along the axis of shaft) is known as thrust ball bearing.

 Radial roller bearing is used for radial load.

 Tapered roller bearing carry radial as well as axial load.

 The ball bearings are used for light loads and roller
bearings are used for heavy loads.
Radial Ball Bearing
Radial Ball Bearing
Thrust Ball Bearing
Radial Roller Bearing
Radial Roller Bearing
Tapered Roller Bearing
Advantages and Disadvantages of rolling contact bearing
 Advantages
1. Starting as well as running friction is less.
2. It can be carried radial as well axial (thrust) load.
3. Lubrication is very simple.
4. Replacement is easy.
5. Less power is wasted in friction.

 Disadvantages
1. At high speeds operation is more noisy.
2. Larger radial space is required.
3. Initial cost is higher.
4. Damping of vibration is poor.
5. At very high speed, friction may be higher then sliding
contact bearing.
 Mechanical Drive
Mechanical
Drive

Friction Positive
Drive Drive

Direct
Friction Flexible Chain
Drive connection Drive Drive Gear Drive

Belt Drive Rope Drive

Flat V- Timing
Belt Belt Belt
Spiral Worm Rack
Spur Helical Bevel
Gear gear and
Gear Gear Gear
Pinion
 Belt Drive
 Belt drives are used whenever power or rotary motion is
required to transmit between two parallel shaft.
 Belt drive consists of two pulleys, an endless belt is
passed over both of the pulleys.
 The power is transmitted from the driving pulley to
driven pulley due to the frictional grip between the belt
and pulley surface.
 When driving pulley rotates, belt is pull, the pull or
tension on one of the side of the belt is higher than the
other side.

 The portion of the belt which is having less tension is

called slack side.
 The portion of the belt which is having higher tension is
called tight side.
 Belt Drive

 The magnitude of tensions in the tight and slack sides of the belt
depends on the angle of contact.
 The higher angle of contact, higher tension, and higher power
capacity of drives.
 In a belt drive there is chance of slip taking place between the belt
and the pulleys which causes the driven pulley to rotate at a lesser
speed.
 Therefore belt drives are not a positive type of power transmission
system
Open Belt Drive
 Open Belt Drive
 The open belt drive is used to transmit the power between
two parallel shafts and rotating in the same direction.

 If the diameter of pulleys are not same, then the angle of

contact of two pulleys are not same.

 The angle of contact on smaller pulleys is less than 1800

and on larger pulley is greater than 1800.

 Therefore, the slip occurs first on smallerpulley.  1r1  r2 

2 2 cos  
 X 
 The length of belt for open belt drive may be calculated by
(r1  r2 ) 2
L  r1  r2   2X
X
Cross Belt Drive
 Cross Belt Drive
 The cross belt drive is used to transmit the power when the
shafts are parallel but rotates in opposite directions.
 In this drive belt crosses each other, there are much wear
and tear.
 Cross belt drive should be used for larger distance between
the two shafts and for lower speed.
 The angle of pulley is equal on both pulleys even when the
diameter of two pulleys are not same.
 The angle of contact may be defined as
  1  r1  r2  
1  2 2    cos  
  X 

 The length of belt for cross

(r  r ) 2 belt drive may be calculated by
L  r1  r2  1 2
 2X
X
Quarter Turn Belt Drive
 Quarter Turn Belt Drive
 The quarter turn belt drive is used to transmit power
between two shafts at right angle and rotating in one
definite direction.

 In order to prevent the belt from leaving the pulley, the

larger face width pulley is used.
Belt Drive with Idler Pulley
 Belt Drive with Idler Pulley
 The belt drive with idler pulley is used with shafts arranged
parallel and when an open belt drive can not be used due
to small angle of contact on smaller pulley.

 The idler pulley help to increase the angle of contact of

belt, so belt tension is increased and drive provides high
velocity ratio.

 Idler pulley drive also known as Jockey pulley drive.

 Fast and Loose Pulley Drive
 A fast and loose pulley drive is used when the driven shaft
or machine shaft is to be rotated or stopped whenever
desired without stopping driving shaft.

 A pulley which is keyed to the driving shaft is called fast

pulley.
 A loosed pulley runs freely over the machine shaft and is
not transmitting any power.

 When the driven shaft is required to be stopped , the belt is

pushed on the loose pulley by sliding bar having belt fork.
 Stepped or Cone Pulley Drive
 The stepped or cone pulley drive is used where different
speeds are required at driven shaft while the main or
driving shaft runs at constant speed.
 Compound Belt Drive
 A compound belt drive is used when there are large speed
ratio is required and large centre distance between driving
shaft and driven shaft available.
 Types of Belt
Belt Uses
Flat Belt
• Flat belts are available in the form of long strip
• Used for the drive where a large centre distance
between shafts.
Circular Belt
•Used in factories and workshops where a greater
amount of power is to be transmitted.
• Used where distance between two pulley are more
than 8 meters.
V Belt
• Used where the drive has relatively short distance
and transmit larger power.
Timing Belt
• Used for relatively short centre distance drive and
also transmit high power.
 Comparison between Flat belt and V-belt
N
Flat Belt Drive V-Belt Drive
o
1 It is suitable for moderate It is suitable for high power
power transmission when the transmission when the
distance between the shafts is distance between the shafts is
larger. small.
2 There is chance of slip due to There is less chance of sleep
less frictional grip between due to more frictional grip
pulley and belt. Hence it is not between belt and pulley.
positive drive.
3 Require large space. Due to compactness , required
less space.
4 High velocity ratio may not be High velocity ratio may be
obtained. obtained.
5 For same value of co-efficient For same value of co-efficient
of friction, angle of contact of friction, angle of contact
and allowable tension, the and allowable tension, the
power transmission by belt is power transmission by V-belt
 Materials used for Belts
Belts for power transmission are mostly made from following
materials.
 Leather
 Leather belts are made from hide (animal's skin).
 Leather belts may be used in both dry and wet condition.
 Rubber
 Rubber belts are used when the belts are exposed to damp
conditions.
 Canvas
 Canvas belts are used when atmospheric conditions affect a
leather or rubber belt.
 Balata
 Balata belts are made from cotton and balata gum.
 These belts are acid and water proof and it is not affected
by animal oils or alkalis.
 Velocity ratio of belt drives
 Velocity ratio of belt drive : It is defined as the ratio of the
speed of the driving pulley to the speed of the driven pulley.
Speed  of  driving  pulley N1
VR Velocity  Ratio  
Speed  of  driven  pulley N2
 Linear  spped   Circumfere ntial  speed   Circumfere ntial  speed 
 of  the  belt   of  the  driving  pulley   of  the  driven  pulley 
     
d1 N1  d 2 N 2 
 d1 N1 d 2 N 2
N1 d 2
 
N 2 d1
N1 d 2 Diameter  of  driven  pulley
VR   
N 2 d1 Diameter  of  driving  pulley
 Velocity ratio of belt drives
 d1 = diameter of driving pulley
 d2 = diameter of driven pulley
 N1 = Speed of driving pulley in RPM
 N2 = Speed of driven pulley in RPM

 If the thickness of belt is considered, the velocity ratio is

given by
N1 d 2  t
VR  
N 2 d1  t
 Velocity ratio for compound belt drive
 The motion is transmitted from a pulley A to a pulley F,
through a member of intermediate pulleys B,C,D, E.
 The pulleys B and C are keyed to one shaft and D and E
keyed to another shaft.
 NA, NB , NC , ND , NE, NF and dA, dB, dC, dD, dE, dF are speeds and
diameters of the pulleys A, B, C, D, E, F respectively.

 Velocity ration between pulley A and N

BA dB
NB dA
 Velocity ration between pulley C and D
NC d D

N D dC
 Velocity ration between pulley E and F
NE dF

NF dE
 Velocity ratio for compound belt drive
 Here, pulleys B and C on same shaft
N B N C
 Pulleys D and E on same shaft
 ND N E

 Now, velocity ratio between pulleys A and F

N A N A N B NC N D N E
 . . . .
N F N B NC N D N E N F

N A dB dD dF
  . .
N F d A dC d F
 Tension in belt drive
 Initial Tension in Belt
 In belt drive the belt is wrapped over the pulleys tightly.
 Due to its tight wrapping and material properties, it always
having a uniform tension throughout the belt.
 This tension also exists even when the drive is not
functioning.
 This uniform tension that exists initially when the drive is
not in motion is called initial tension (T0).
 When the driving pulley starts rotating, the tension in the
belt increases from T0 to T1 on tight side and decreases
from T0 to T2 on slack side.
 Therefore the increase in tension on tight side must always
be equal to the decrease in tension on the slack side
 Power transmitted by a belt drive
 The force causing the rotation of driven pulley is a
difference in tensions in tight side and slack side.
 Therefore, the tension difference (T1-T2) is driving force
for transmission of power.
 The tension difference is called the effective pull of the belt
(F).

 Let, T1 = the tension on the tight side

 T2 = the tension on the slack side
 V = velocity of the belt in m/min
 Work transmitted per second
 = F x V / 60, Watts
Power  Transmitte d 
T1  T2 V kW
60 1000
 Slip in belt drive
 The difference between the tensions (T1-T2) in the tight
side and slack side of belt is equal to force of friction.
 This limiting condition is necessary to prevent sliding of
belt over the pulley and provide enough frictional grip.
 If (T1-T2) is greater than the force of friction, then the belt
begins to slide over the surface of the pulley.
 Slip : The sliding of the belt which causes a relative motion
between the pulley and belt is called slip.
 The slip reduces the velocity ratio of belt drive.
 Considering the effect of slip the velocity ratio of belt drive
is given by N d 100
 
 1
 2

N2 d1  100  S 
 Where S = Total % of slip
 Slip in belt drive
 The slip occurs due to the following reasons
1. When the difference between the tensions in the tight and
slack side is very large compare to force of friction
2. When the co-efficient of friction between pulley and belt is
low (in case of smooth pulley surface)
 Creep in belt drive
 In belt drive , the straight portion of belt alternately
subjected to higher and lower tensions.
 The slack side of the belt, having the lower tension T2,
when it enters the driving pulley, it is subjected to gradual
increasing tension from T2 to T1.
 This portion of belt extends.
 The tight side of the belt having higher tension T1, when it
enters the driving pulley subjected to gradual decreasing
tension from T2 to T1.
 This portion of belt contracts.
 The extension of belt is more than contraction.
 Creep in belt drive
 The extension of belt is more than contraction.
 This alternate extension and contraction of the belt lead to
increase in length of belt.
 Resulting a relative motion between the belt and the pulley
surface take place.
 This relative motion is called creep.
 The creep in belt leads to a loss of power and reduction of
velocity ratio.
 Gear Drives
 Gear drive is very important drive in mechanical power
transmission.
 Gear drive is positive drive.
 Gear drives are preferred when larger or moderate power
is to be transmitted at constant velocity ratio.

 A gear is toothed wheel with the teeth cut on the periphery

of a cylinder or a cone.
 Gears are mounted on the shafts with key.
 The teeth of one gear in mash with the teeth of the other
gear.
 The rotation of one gear will cause the rotation of other gear
in the opposite direction.
 Gear drive is used to transmit power between shafts that are
parallel, intersecting, or neither parallel nor intersecting.
 Advantages of Gear Drives
1. It is positive drives.
2. It is very convenient for very small centre distance.
3. It transmits the power when the axis of the shafts are not
only parallel, but even when non-parallel, intersecting,
non-intersecting and co-planer or non-coplaner.
4. In gear drives, the velocity ratio remains constant
throughout.
5. It can be used for low, medium and high power
transmission.
6. High velocity ratio can be possible, even upto 60:1.
7. High transmission efficiency.
 Disadvantages of Gear Drives
1. It is not suitable for shafts having large centre
distance.
2. It requires lubrication.
3. At very high speeds, it produce noise and vibrations.
4. Manufacturing of gear is costly.
5. The large number of gear wheels in gear trains increased
the weight of machine.
Terms used in Gears
 Terms used in Gears
 Pitch circle : It is an imaginary circle which is produced by
pure rolling action would give the same motion as the actual
gear.
 Pitch circle diameter : it is the diameter of the pitch circle.
 The size of gear is usually specified by the pitch circle diameter.
 Pressure angle or angle of obliquity : it is an angle between
the common normal to the point of contact of two mating gear
teeth and the common tangent at common point between two
pitch circle.
 Circular pitch (Pc) : it is the distance measured on the
circumference of the pitch circle from a point of one tooth to
d /inT the next tooth.
the correspondingpcpoint

 Where T = Number of teeth

 Module (m) : It is ratio of the pitch circle diameter in
m dof/ Tteeth.
millimeters to number
 Types of Gears
 There are many different types of gears are used in various
engineering applications.
 Some of the most commonly used are as shown below.
1. Spur gears
2. Helical gears
3. Spiral gears
4. Bevel gears
5. Worm and worm wheel
6. Rack and pinion
Spur Gear
 Spur Gear
 If teeth of the gear wheels are parallel to the axis of wheel,
it is called spur gears.
 Teeth of spur gears are cut on the circumference of the
cylindrical discs.
 Spur gears can transmit higher power because of the
contact between the mating gears is along a line.

 Use : spur gears are used for transmitting power between

two shafts when the axes of the driving and driven
shafts are parallel and co-planer.
 They commonly used in machine tools and automobile
gear boxes.
Helical Gear
 Helical Gear
 Helical gears are similar to spur gears except the teeth are cut in
the form of the helix around the gear.
 Their teeth are not parallel to the shaft axis.
 Two moving helical gears have identical helix angle but opposite
hand.
 The helical gears run more smoothly and more quietly at high
speeds and curvilinear contact of gear teeth giving gradual
engagement.
 The main disadvantage of helical gears is that it produces end
thrusts on the driving and driven shafts.

 Uses : helical gears are used for transmitting the power between
two parallel, non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts.
 Helical gears are used where smooth and quiet running at high
speeds is required.
 Generally, helical gears are used in automobile power
transmission.
Herringbone Gears (Double helical gears)

 Herringbone gears are used to connect parallel shafts,

produce equal and opposite thrust on each wheel and gets
balanced and do not transmit axial thrust to the shafts.
Spiral Gear
 Spiral Gear
 The teeth of spiral gears are same as helical gears and it
cut along helical path.
 In spiral gear, there is a point contact while curvilinear
contact in case of helical gear drive.
 Because of the point contact in the spiral gears are more
suitable for transmitting less power.

 Uses : spiral gears are used to transmit power between

two non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts.
Bevel Gear
 Bevel Gear
 Teeth of the bevel gears are cut on conical surfaces.
 Bevel gear teeth are varying in cross section along the
tooth width.
 The axis of two moving gears are inclined in the bevel
gear.
 In most of cases, two bevel gears have their axes at right
angle and are if equal size, called miter gears.

 Uses : Bevel gears are used for transmitting power

between two shafts, when the axis of the two shafts are
inclined each other.
 Bevel gears are widely used in automobile.
Worm and Worm wheel
 Worm and Worm wheel
 A worm gear drive consists of worm and worm wheel.
 A worm (screw) has one or more number of helical
threads of trapezoidal shape cut on it.
 A worm wheel is a gear wheel with the tooth profile
consists of a small segment of a helix which engages with
the worm.

 Uses : Worm gears are used for transmitting power

between two shafts having their axis at right angle and
non-coplaner.
 Worm gears are suitable for transmission of power when a
high velocity ratio is required.
 They are mostly used in machine tools like lathe, milling,
drilling machine etc. to get large speed reduction.
Rack and Pinion
 Rack and Pinion
 Rack is a rectangular bar consists of a series of straight
teeth cut on it.
 Theoretically, rack is a spur gear of infinite diameter.
 The rack is mesh with another small gear known as pinion.

 Uses : the rack and pinion drive is used to convert rotary

motion into linear motion.
 Rack and pinion arrangement, generally used in machine
tools, such as lathe, drilling, planning machines.
 It is also used in measuring instrument.
 Velocity ratio of gear drives
 The velocity ratio of a gear drive is defined as the ratio of
speed of the driven gear to the speed of the driving gear.
 d1 = pitch circle diameter of driving gear.
 d2 = pitch circle diameter of driven gear.
 T1 = number of teeth on the driving gear.
 N1 = speed of driving gear in revolution per minutes (RPM)
 N2 = speed of driven gear in revolution per minutes (RPM)

 If there is no slip between the pitch cylinders of the two

gear wheels, the linear speed of the two pitch cylinder is
equal.
 Linear  speed  of  the  pitch   Linear  speed  of  the  pitch 
 cylinder  of  driving  gear   cylinder  of  driven  gear 
   
 Velocity ratio of gear drives
d1 N1 d 2 N 2
N1 d 2
 
N 2 d1
 The circular pitch for both the matching gears remains the same.
d1 d 2
 pc  
T1 T2
d 2 T2
 
d1 T1
N1 d 2 T2
Velocity  ratio  of  gear  drive   
N 2 d1 T1

 The velocity ratio of the worm and worm wheel is expressed as

 Velocity ratio = RPM of the worm = Number of teeth on worm wheel
RPM of the worm wheel Number of threads on the worm
 Gear Trains
 A gear train is an arrangement of number of gears and
these gears successively mesh each other through which the
power can be transmitted between the driving and the driven
shafts.
 The gear wheels are used in a gear train may be spur, bevel
or helical, etc.
 The velocity ration between the driving and the driven shafts
depends on the type of combination of gear wheels arranged
in a gear train.

 There are basic four types of gear trains as

1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train
3. Reverted gear train
4. Epicyclic gear train
 Simple Gear Train
 In a simple gear train, series of gear wheels are
mounted on different shafts and between the driving
and driven shaft, each shaft carrying only one gear.
 The intermediate gears will not affect the velocity
ratio of driving and driven gear.
 The intermediate gears change the direction of rotation of
driven gear.
 Therefore it is also known as idler gear.
 When number of intermediate gears are even, the
driven gear rotates opposite N A TDdirection of driving gear.
Velocity  ratio  of  drive  
N D TA
1 N D TA
Train  value  of  drive   
Velocity  Ratio N A TD
 Compound Gear Train
 When centre distance between two shaft is small and
high velocity ratio is required, the simple gear train
becomes practically impossible.
 In these cases compound gear train is used.
 In a compound gear train, the intermediate shaft carries
two gears which are rigidly mounted on shafts.
N A TB TD
Velocity  ratio  of  drive   
N D TA TC
1 N T T
Train  value  of  drive   D  AC
Velocity  Ratio N A TB TD
 Reverted Gear Train
 In this gear train, the first and last gears are on the
same axis.
 The back gear arrangement in lathe machines is reverted
gear train and it is used to reduce spindle speeds.
Reverted Gear Train
 Epicyclic Gear Train
 In Epicyclic gear train, the axis of rotation of the wheels
are not fixed at all.
 Epicyclic gear trains are used where large speed
reduction is required with limited space.
 They are used in motor cars and other vehicles.
 Power Transmitted by Gearing
 In the gear train, if losses due to friction are neglected ,
then power output at the driven shaft is equal to power
input at driving shaft.
 Power transmitted by gear drive
= Effort applied to the driving gear X Linear velocity of
F V point
mating
 dN   dN 
F   V  
60 
 60  

F dN
P  kW
60000

 where, d = pitch circle diameter of gear and

N = RPM of gear
 Pulleys
 Pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to
another with the help of belt or rope running over them.
 Pulleys are made from cast iron, cast steel, wrought iron
or aluminium.
 They are also some times made from non-metals like wood,
plastics, fibers, etc.

 The main parts of pulley are

1. Rim
2. Hub or Boss
3. Arms or Rib
 Types of Pulleys
 Several types of pulleys are as
1. Solid Pulleys
2. Split pulleys
3. Stepped or cone pulleys
4. Fast and loose pulleys
5. Jockey pulleys
6. Guide pulleys
7. Grooved pulleys
Solid Pulleys
Stepped or Cone Pulleys
Fast and Loose Pulleys
Jockey Pulleys
 Guide Pulleys
 The guide pulleys are used to guide the belts when
connecting non-parallel, intersecting or non-
intersecting shafts.
 The guide pulleys guide the belt to keep the belt in a
proper plane.
Grooved Pulleys
Chain Drives
 Chain Drives

Roller Chain Silent Chain

 Velocity ratio of Chain Drives
 Linear  speed   Circumfere ntial  speed   Circumfere ntial  speed 
 of  the  chain   of  driving  sprocket   of  driven  sprocket 
     
d1 N1 d 2 N 2
 If p is the pitch of the teeth on the sprocket, then
d1  p T1
d 2  p T2

 pT1 N1  pT2 N 2
N1 T2
Velocity  Ratio  
N 2 T1
 Advantages of Chain Drives
 Advantages of chain drives
1. It is non-slip (positive) drive
2. Efficiency is very high
3. It can be used for shafts which are at small and medium
centre distances.
4. It can transmit power higher than belt drives.
5. Chain drive can operate under adverse temperature
and atmospheric conditions.
6. It occupies less space and more compact than belt
drives.
 Disadvantages of Chain Drives
 Disadvantages of chain drive
1. The driving and driven shaft should be accurately
aligned. So shaft axis are required exactly parallel.
2. Chain drive requires more lubrication.
3. There are more fluctuation in velocity.
4. Initial cost is high
5. The operation is noisy.
 Friction Drive
 Friction drive is used for light load transmission between
parallel shafts or intersecting shafts.
 Friction drive consists of two wheels with their friction
surfaces.
 The driving and driven wheel are in contact with
sufficient pressure between them.
 The driving wheel drives the driven wheel by virtue of
friction between them.
 The friction wheel do not give a positive drive and slip may
occur for large power transmission.
 If there is no slip, the surface speed of both wheels will be
d1 N1 d 2 N 2
equal.
N d
Velocity  Ratio  1  2
N 2 d1
 Belt Drive, Chain Drive and Gear Drive
Particula
Belt Drive Chin Drive Gear Drive
rs
Element Pulleys, Belt Sprocket, Chain Gears

Slip Slip May Occurs No Slip No Slip

For large centre For moderate For short centre

Suitability
distance centre distance distance
Space
Large Moderate Less (Compact)
Required

Design Simplest Simple Complicated

Failure of belt Failure of chain Failure of gear

doesn’t cause may not may cause
Failure the further seriously serious break
damage of damage the down in the
machine machine machine
 Belt Drive, Chain Drive and Gear Drive
Particula
Belt Drive Chin Drive Gear Drive
rs
Life Less Moderate Long

Lubricatio Required proper

Not required Required
n lubrication
Installation
Less Moderate Long
Cost
For low velocity For moderate For high velocity
Use
ratio velocity ratio ratio
Use as a first Machine tools,
Bicycle,
Examples drive in Automobile gear
Automobile
transmission boxes
END OF CHAPTER