Scribd
Upload
6 views17 pages

Unit 4 (DBT)

The document provides an overview of physical storage media, classifying them into primary, secondary, and tertiary memory based on access speed, cost, and reliability. It also discusses the RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) concept, detailing various RAID levels and their functionalities, including performance enhancement and data redundancy. The document emphasizes the characteristics and uses of different storage types, including cache memory, flash memory, magnetic discs, optical discs, and magnetic tapes.

Uploaded by

suryatom5775
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views17 pages

Unit 4 (DBT)

The document provides an overview of physical storage media, classifying them into primary, secondary, and tertiary memory based on access speed, cost, and reliability. It also discusses the RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) concept, detailing various RAID levels and their functionalities, including performance enhancement and data redundancy. The document emphasizes the characteristics and uses of different storage types, including cache memory, flash memory, magnetic discs, optical discs, and magnetic tapes.

Uploaded by

suryatom5775
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLGY

FLIPPED CLASSROOM
ACTIVITY
ON
DATA BASE TECHNOLOGY(22IT14402)
• Over view of physical storage mediaBy:
• RAID concept • Pavithra• M (222071071)
• 2nd year• (IT-B)
Over view of physical
storage media
• Physical storage media
• a physical device that receives and retains electronic data for
application and users and makes the data available for retrieval.
• when you save your files on local servers or storage devices that
you control and operate yourself.
Physical storage media can
classified based on
• Accessing speed
• Cost per unit of data
• Reliability
Storage media or device
hierarchy
• Primary memory :
1. Cache memory
2. Main memory
• Secondary memory:
1. Flash memory
2. Magnetic disc
• Tertiary memory :
1. Optical Disc
2. Magnetic tape
Storage device hierarchy map

Acces
s
time
Primary Memory :
Cache :
• Most “costly” and “fastest” form of storage. Usually very small, and managed by the
operating system.
Main memory:
• Usually too small (even with megabytes) and too expensive to store the “entire
database”.

NOTE:
• Both are managed by computer system Hardware
• And, they are “volatile “
Secondary Memory :

Flash memory:
• EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory).
• Reading data from flash memory takes about 10 nano-secs (roughly as fast as from
main memory), and writing data into flash memory is more complicated: write-once
takes about 4-10 microsecs.
Magnetic disc:
• Stores large amount of data compare to main memory
NOTE: Both are non - volatile
TERTIARY MEMORY :

Optical disc:
• CD-ROM (compact-disk read-only memory), WORM (write-once read-many) disk
Magnetic tape:
• used primarily for backup and archival data.
• Cheaper, but much slower access, since tape must be read sequentially from the
beginning.
Note :
• Both holds “large volume” of data
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks)

• The term was coined by David Patterson in 1987


• RAID is a technique that makes use of a combination of multiple disks instead of using
a single disk for increased performance, data redundancy.
Different RAID Levels
• RAID-0 (Stripping)
• RAID-1 (Mirroring)
• RAID-2 (Bit-Level Stripping with Dedicated Parity)
• RAID-3 (Byte-Level Stripping with Dedicated Parity)
• RAID-4 (Block-Level Stripping with Dedicated Parity)
• RAID-5 (Block-Level Stripping with Distributed Parity)
• RAID-6 (Block-Level Stripping with two Parity Bits)
RAID
0
• At this level, disks are organized in a “striped array”. Blocks of data
are divided into disks and distributed over disks.
• Parallel writing and reading of data occur on each disk and it
“increases the performances “.
• NOTE : But there is no redundancy
RAID
1
• Mirroring is used in RAID 1 and can have “copy of data”
in “another data”.
• Reduce the data loss
NOTE : But have lot of error repetition
RAID 2
• The data in RAID 2 is striped on different disks, and the Error
Correction Code is recorded using “Hamming code” .
• After the correction it splits the data and store them
NOTE:
• NEED “ MORE DISC” AND THEY ARE “ TOO
EXPENSIVE”.
RAID
3
• Data words are parsed to generate a parity bit. It is stored on a
different disk
• We Check in single error.
NOTE:
• If any Problem occur in a single parity disc On RAID 3 then only the
RAID 4 will
occur
RAID
4
• This level involves writing an entire block of data onto data disks, and then
generating the parity and storing it somewhere else.
• Data divides into data packets
NOTE:
• When disc crash on RAID 4 then only RAID 5 will occur
R A ID 5

• The data blocks in RAID 5 are written to different disks, but the
parity bits are spread out across all the data disks rather than
being stored on a separate disk.
• It checks the error in block wise
NOTE: Increase the time consumption
RAID 6
• The RAID 6 level extends the level 5 concept. A pair of independent
parities are generated and stored on multiple disks at this level. A
pair of independent parities are generated and stored on multiple
disks at this level. Ideally, you need four disk drives for this level

You might also like