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Functions

The document provides a comprehensive overview of functions, including definitions of injective, surjective, and bijective functions, along with examples and solutions. It also discusses increasing and decreasing functions, inverse functions, composition of functions, and the floor and ceiling functions. Additionally, it presents a proof regarding the properties of the ceiling function.

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tehzeebwaliya
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1 views

Functions

The document provides a comprehensive overview of functions, including definitions of injective, surjective, and bijective functions, along with examples and solutions. It also discusses increasing and decreasing functions, inverse functions, composition of functions, and the floor and ceiling functions. Additionally, it presents a proof regarding the properties of the ceiling function.

Uploaded by

tehzeebwaliya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Functions

Function:
Let A and B be nonempty sets. A function f from A
to B
is an assignment of exactly one element of B to
each element of A.
If is a function from A to B, we write
f:A→B
f(a) = b

 A is the domain of f and B is the codomain of f.


b is the image of a and a is the pre-image of b.
The range of f is the set of all images of
elements of A.
Injective Function:
A function f is said to be one-to-one or injective
if and only if f(a) = f(b) implies that a = b for
all a and b in the domain of f.

x  y (f(x) = f(y)  x = y)

Determine whether the function f from {a, b, c,


d} to {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} with f(a) = 4, f(b) = 5, f (c) =
1, and f(d) = 3 is one-to-one.
Solution: The function f is one-to-one because f
takes on different values at the four elements of
its domain.
If the function g: Z → Z is defined by the rule
g(n) = n2
for all n ∈ Z, then is g one-to-one?

Solution:
Let n1 = 2 and n2 =−2.
g(n1) = g(2) = 4
g(n2) = g(−2) = 4.
Hence g(n1) = g(n2) but n1≠n2,
If the function f : R → R is defined by the rule
f(x)=4x−1, for all real numbers x, then is f
one-to-one?

Solution:
Suppose x and y are real numbers such that
f(x)=f(y). [We must show that x = y.]
By definition of f , 4 x − 1 = 4 y − 1.
4x=4y
x=y
Increasing and Decreasing function:
A function f whose domain and codomain is a
subset of real numbers is called increasing if f(x) ≤
f(y), and strictly increasing if f(x)<f(y), whenever
x<y and x
and y are in the domain of f.
Similarly, f is called decreasing if f(x) ≥ f(y), and
strictly
decreasing if f(x)>f(y), whenever x<y and x and y
are in the domain of f.

Surjective Function:
A function f from A to B is called onto, or surjective,
if and only if for every element b ∈ B there is an
element a ∈ A with f(a) = b.
Is the function f(x) = x2 from the set of
integers to the set of integers onto?
Solution:
The function f is not onto.
(Example : there is no integer x with x2
=−1)

Is the function f(x) = x + 1 from the set of


integers to the set of integers onto?
Solution:
This function is onto, because for every
integer y there is an integer x such that f (x)
= y.
Bijective Function:
The function f is a one-to-one correspondence, or
a bijective function, if it is both one-to-one and
onto.

Inverse Function:
Let f be a one-to-one correspondence from the
set A to the set B. The inverse function of f is the
function that assigns to an element b belonging
to B the unique element a in A such that f(a) = b.
The inverse function of f is denoted by f -1. Hence,
f -1(b) = a when f(a) = b.
Let f : Z → Z be such that f(x) = x + 1. Is f
invertible, and if it is, what is its inverse?
Solution:
The function f has an inverse because it is a
one-to-one correspondence
f -1 (y) = y − 1.

Let f be the function from R to R with f(x) =


x2.Is f invertible?
Solution:
Because f(−2) = f(2) = 4, f is not one-to-one.
Composition:
Let g be a function from the set A to the set B
and let f be a function from the set B to the set
C. The composition of the functions f and g,
denoted for all a ∈ A by f ◦ g, is defined by (f ◦
g)(a) = f (g(a)).
Let f and g be the functions from the set of
integers to the set of integers defined by f(x) =
2x + 3 and g(x) = 3x+2. What is the composition
of f and g? What is the composition of g and f ?

Solution:
(f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(3x + 2) = 2(3x + 2) + 3 =
6x + 7
(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x + 3) = 3(2x + 3) + 2
= 6x + 11.

Composition of a function and its inverse:


(f -1
◦f)(x) = f -1(f(x)) = x
Floor and Ceiling Function:
The floor and ceiling functions map the
real numbers onto the integers (RZ).
The floor function assigns to rR the
largest zZ with zr, denoted by r.
Examples: 2.3 = 2, 2 = 2, 0.5 = 0, -3.5
= -4
The ceiling function assigns to rR the
smallest zZ with zr, denoted by r.
Examples: 2.3 = 3, 2 = 2, 0.5 = 1, -3.5
= -3
Prove or disprove that  x  y   x    y  for all real numbers x and y

Solution:
1 1
Let x  and y 
2 2
 1 1
 2  2  1 1
 
 1  1
 2    2  2
   

Therefore,  x  y   x    y 

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