OPERATING SYSTEM

AMS 103
ADEGBENJO ADERONKE
What is an Operating System?

• An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between

the computer user and computer hardware, and controls the
execution of programs.
• An operating system is a software that performs all the basic tasks like
file management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
• An operating system is a set of program that controls the resources of
computer system (hardware resources and software resources) and
provides its user the interface that is convenient to use.
Types of Operating System

• Batch Processing Operating System.

• Real-Time Operating System.
• Time-Sharing Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Networked Operating System
Batch Processing Operating System.

• A Batch Processing Operating System (BPOS) is a computer operating

system that processes large amounts of data in batches. This type of
system is typically used by businesses and organizations that need to
process large amounts of data quickly and efficiently.
• There is no direct communication between the computer and the OS.
Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank
Statements etc.
• Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets a time slot on the CPU.
• It was implemented in the early 1950’s.Users submit jobs to a central
place where these jobs are collected into a batch and subsequently
placed on an input queue. Users submit jobs on regular schedule (e.g.
daily, weekly, monthly to a central place where the user of such
system did not interact directly with computer system.
• Turnaround time is the time from submission of the job until
execution is completed and the results are ready for return to the
person who submitted the job.
• A job constituted the set of program instruction corresponding to a
particular computation task. It consists of program and data to be run.
• To speed up the processing, jobs with similar needs were batched
together and were run through the computer as a group. Thus, the
programmer would leave the programs with the operator.
• The output from each job would send to the appropriate programmer.
The major task of this type was to transfer control automatically from
one job to the next.
• It does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group
them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs
with similar needs.
• In batching, a compiler can be loaded once to process, all the jobs in a
row are stored in queues. OS commands are embedded in the batch
stream so that these jobs could be executed automatically.
• These commands are written in JCL (Job Control Language) which
includes commands for marking a job at the beginning and at the end,
loading and execution of programs.
• Batch jobs are executed one at a time.
• Batch processing is where programs and data are collected together
in batch before processing starts.
• Each piece of work for a batch processing system is called A Job.
There is no interaction between the user and the computer while the
program is being run.
• Batch processing is done on a large data batch, and the latency can be
in minutes, days, or hours. It requires the most storage and processing
resources to process big data batches.
• In early days computer work was given on punch cards and then these
punch cards behave as input to the computer. These jobs or batch
jobs were then executed by the computer one by one. So that
computers were called as batch computers or batch systems. The
work done by batch systems are in parts i.e. one job is processed then
another job in the queue is processed and so on.
Advantages of Batch Processing Operating
System

• It allows sharing of computer resources among many users or programs.

• It shifts the time of job processing to when the computing resources are
less busy. The idle time for the batch system is very less.
• But in batch systems the processor knows how long the job is as it is
queued.
• Sharing of batch system for multiple users.
• The idle time batch system is very less.
• assigning specific time for the batch jobs so when the computer is idle it
starts processing the batch jobs i.e. at night or any free time.
• The batch systems can manage large repeated work easily.
• Repeated jobs are done fast in batch systems without user interaction.
• Need special hardware and system support to input data in batch
systems.
• Best for large organizations but small organizations can also benefit from
it.
• Batch systems can work offline so it makes less stress on processor.
• Processor consumes good time while processing that mean it knows
which job to process next. In real time systems we don’t have expectation
time of how long the job is and what is estimated time to complete it.
Disadvantages of Batch
Processing Operating System
• It takes a longer period.
• It requires a system that can handle a large amount of data.
• The delay between data collections and processing can be
inconvenient.
• Difficult to debug.
• It sometimes costly
• It waits for unknown time if error occurs with any job.
• Computer operators must be trained for using batch systems.
Examples of batch systems

• Payroll system :Batch systems are ideal for making payrolls. The
salaries of employees can be printed at the end of month by the
batch systems. So the statements can be made easy by using batch
systems.
• Bank statements: At the end of month the bank makes statements for
each account holder. So these bank statements can be made easily by
batch systems at the end of month.
TIME SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM
• A time sharing operating system (OS) is a kind of computer operating
system that permits multiple users to use a single computer at the
same time by distributing the computer's resources (such as the CPU,
memory, and input/output devices) among various users or
applications
• The Time-Sharing OS provides computer resources to numerous
programs simultaneously in a time-dependent manner. As a result, it
aids in providing direct access to the main computer to a large
number of users. It's a natural progression from multiprogramming.
• A time sharing operating system allows the user to perform more than
one task at a time.
• Time sharing OS allows the user to perform more than one task at a
time, each task getting the same amount of time to execute. Hence, the
name time sharing OS. Multiple jobs are running at the CPU time and
also, they use the CPU simultaneously.
• Time is allocated for all operations for each user. Multiple online users
can use the same computer at the same time. End users have the
impression of having full control over the computer system.
• Linus is an open-source time-sharing operating system. Open source
software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible. Time-sharing
enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular
computer system at the same time.
• Linus is an open-source time-sharing operating system. Open source
software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible. Time-
sharing enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a
particular computer system at the same time. It is an example of
Linux
• This type of OS provides on-line communication between the user
and the system, the user gives his instructions directly and receives
intermediate response, and therefore it called Interactive System.
• The time sharing system allows many user simultaneously share the
computer system. The CPU is multiplexed rapidly among several
programs, which are kept in memory and on disk. A program swapped
in and out of memory to the disk. Time sharing system reduces the
CPU ideal time.
• Users can benefit from the following advantages provided by the
time-sharing OS:
• For all operations, each user sets aside time.
• At the same time, multiple online users can utilise the same
computer.
• End users believe they have complete control over the computer
system.
• Interaction among users and computers is improved.
Advantages of Time Sharing
• Response time of CPU reduces.
• Idle time of CPU reduces.
• Each task/process gets an equal time slot to execute.
• Provides the advantage of quick response.
• Avoids duplication of software.
• Reduces CPU idle time.
• Each task gets an equal opportunity.
Disadvantages of Time Sharing
Operating System
• Problem of reliability.
• Question of security and integrity of user programs and data. One
must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs
and data.
• Problem of data communication.
Questions
• What is the primary disadvantage of batch processing compared to
interactive processing?
• State two advantages and disadvantages of each:
- Batch Processing Operating System
- Time Sharing Operating System
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
(RTOS)
• Real Time Operating System: It has a data processing system. In this
environment, larger number of events mostly external to the
computer system must be accepted and processed in a short while or
within a certain deadline.
• The key objective is to provide quick response time and thus meet
their scheduling deadlines. If it delivers the correct result after
deadlines the system is regarded as having failed. It performs few
tasks, thus ensuring that the tasks will always be executed before the
deadline.
• It reduces certain functions when they cannot be executed within the
time constraints. It monitors input consistently and in a timely
manner. It keeps track of how much of each resources might possibly
be used by the currently running tasks.
• They are in time critical environments where reliability is key and data
must be processed within a strict time limit.
Real Time System is characterized by supplying immediate response.
It guarantees that critical tasks complete on time.
• This type must have a preknown maximum time limit for each of the
functions to be performed on the computer.
• Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements
on the operation of a processor or the flow of data.
• Real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated
application.
• The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very
small. This time interval is called Response Time.
• The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of
required updated information is termed as the Response Time.
• Real-Time systems are used when there are time requirements that
are very strict like A real-time system is defined as a data processing
system in which the time interval required to process and respond to
inputs is so small that it controls the environment. So in this method,
the response time is very less as compared to online processing.
Types of REAL TIME OPERATING
SYSTEM
• Hard Real-Time Systems. In this, the time constraint is very short and
strict.
• Firm Real-Time Systems. In these systems, although the deadline is
given but, missing them does not result in great loss.
• Soft Real-Time Systems. As the name suggests, the system handles
the deadlines softly.
• A real-time system is a software system where the correct
functioning of the system depends on the results produced by the
system and the time at which these results are produced. A soft real-
time system is a system whose operation is degraded if results are not
produced according to the specified timing requirements.
Advantages of Real Time Operating
System
• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more
output from all the resources
• Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. For
example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting one task to
another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in the queue.
• Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of programs
are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
• Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.
Disadvantages of Real Time
Operating System
• Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors.
• Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are
not so good and they are expensive as well.
• Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult
for the designer to write on.
• Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers
and interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts.
• Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems
are very less prone to switching tasks.
Examples of Real Time Operating System

• Scientific Experiments, Medical Imaging Systems, Industrial Control

Systems, Weapon Systems, Robots, Air Traffic Control Systems, Flight
Control, Airline Reservation System, Missile systems, Air traffic control
systems, Robots, etc.
• Examples of real-time software include aircraft navigation programs,
multimedia broadcasts, multi-player video games, data analysis
programs and stock-trading applications.
•
NETWORKED OPERATING SYSTEM

• A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system

that's designed primarily to support workstations, PCs and, in some
instances, older terminals that are connected on a local area network.
The software behind a NOS enables multiple devices within a network
to communicate and share resources with each other. However, a
typical NOS no longer exists, as most OSes have built-in network
stacks that support a client- server model.
• A NOS coordinates the activities of multiple computers across a
network. This can include such devices as PCs, printers, file servers
and databases connected to a local network.
• The role of the NOS is to provide basic network services and features
that support multiple input requests simultaneously in a multiuser
environment.
• It enables its processes to access resources. A process can execute on
the computer on which it is created or on another computer on the
network. A networked computing system is a collection of physical
interconnected computers. In a network OS, the users are aware of
the existence of multiple computers and can log into remote
machines and copy files from one machine to another.
• It controls one computer but cooperates with other computer on the
network. Each machine run its own local OS and has its own user and
network interface controller
• A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server
the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications,
and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network
operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among
multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN),
a private network or to other networks.
• These types of operating systems allow shared access of files,
printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a
small private network. One more important aspect of Network
Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their
individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are
popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
Types of Network Operating System
• Peer-to-peer (P2P) network OSes let users share network resources
saved in a common, accessible location. In this architecture, all
devices are treated equally in terms of functionality. It usually works
best for small and medium LANs and is less expensive to set up
compared to the client-server model.
• Client-server network OSes provide users with access to resources
through a server. In this architecture, all functions and applications
are unified under one file server that can be used to execute
individual client actions, regardless of physical location. Client-server
tends to be more expensive than P2P to set up and requires
significant technical maintenance. An advantage of the client-server
model is that the network is controlled centrally, which makes
changes or additions to technology easier to incorporate.
• Computer networks enable efficient resource sharing, provide a
platform for remote database access, avenues for interactive
communication, and improve data integrity, reliability, and security.
Computer networks limit data access, restrict software and hardware
sharing, and contribute to increased cyber threats.
• Features of network operating systems are typically associated with user
administration, system maintenance and resource management functionality.
These include the following:
• Basic support for OSes, including protocol and processor support, hardware
detection and multiprocessing.
• Printer and application sharing.
• Common file system and database sharing.
• Network security capabilities, such as user authentication and access control.
• Directory services.
• Backup and web services.
• Internetworking.
Examples of network operating systems

• Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,

UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.
The following are examples of current network OSes and their
providers:

• Microsoft Windows Server. This is the most widely used NOS

designed by Microsoft. Windows servers are known for their powerful
functionalities, availability, stability and high security, which is
designed for enterprise-level management, data storage, networking
and application hosting. Windows Server 2003 was the initial version
of Windows Server. Since then, eight more versions have been
released. Windows Server 2022, which was released in August 2021,
is the latest version.
• Unix OS. It was first developed by AT&T Corporation's Bell
Laboratories in the late 1960s. It's a portable, stable, multiuser and
multitasking system that's typically used for web servers, desktop
computers and laptops. The Unix OS operates on three main parts:
the kernel and shell and programs. Many different types of Unix are in
use today, including Oracle Solaris, FreeBSD and IBM Advanced
Interactive eXecutive.
• Cisco Internetwork OS (IOS): it is a family of proprietary network
OSes that both service providers and enterprises use. IOS is included
on several router and network switch models that Cisco Systems
manufactures. It provides a full package of routing, switching,
internetworking and telecommunications functions integrated into a
multitasking OS.
• Junos OS. Also known as Juniper Junos, Junos OS is a FreeBSD-based
NOS that powers every networking device developed by Juniper, such
as networking switches and firewalls, Junos OS is designed to provide
increased network availability, flexibility and operational efficiency.
• In addition, some multipurpose OSes, such as OpenVMS, come with
capabilities that enable them to be described as network operating
systems. OpenVMS is a server OS that runs on multiple chip
architectures. It offers multisite cluster configurability and is designed
to support mission-critical environments. In addition, the most
popular OSes Windows, Unix, Linux and Mac include built-in
networking functions that might not require additional network
services.
Advantages of Networked Operating
System
• Highly stable centralized servers.
• Security concerns are handled through servers.
• New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated to
the system.
• Server access are possible remotely from different locations and types
of systems.
Disadvantages of Networked
Operating System
• High cost of running server,
• central location dependency for most of all operation
• regular updates and maintenance are required.
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

• A distributed operating system is system software over a collection of

independent software, networked, communicating, and physically
separate computational nodes. They handle jobs which are serviced
by multiple CPUs. Each individual node holds a specific software
subset of the global aggregate operating system.
• These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the
world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over
the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various autonomous
interconnected computers communicate with each other using a
shared communication network. Independent systems possess their
own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems.
• These system’s processors differ in size and function. The major
benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it
is always possible that one user can access the files or software which
are not actually present on his system but some other system
connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled within
the devices connected in that network.
• Distributed OS is a single OS that manages resources on more than
one computer system. It provides the illusion that multiple computers
are single powerful computer so that a process can access all of the
system resources regardless of the process location within the
distributed system network computers.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

• Security issues. Security issues often arise in many software and

hardware devices. ...
• High setup cost. Installation and initial configuration costs are high
due to the wide variety of hardware and software devices. ...
• Lost data.
• Difficult to manage.
• Overload problem.
• They are difficult to implement.
• Require complicated algorithm to enable processes to communicate
and share data. To establish distributed systems the language which is
used are not well defined yet.
• Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.
• These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex
and not understood well yet
Advantages Of Distributed
Operating System
• With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the
resources available at another.
• Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
• If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can
potentially continue operating. Failure of one will not affect the other
network communication, as all systems are independent from each other
• Better service to the customers.
• Reduction of the load on the host computer.
• Reduction of delays in data processing.
• Distributed systems offer benefits such as improved performance,
scalability, reliability, and resource sharing over centralized systems.
Distributed systems are designed to run on multiple machines, while
centralized systems run on a single machine.
Examples of Operating System

• Microsoft Windows
• Mac Os
• Microsoft Windows NT
• Unix
• Linux
• Ubuntu
• Android
Component of the Operating System

• PROCESS MANAGEMENT
• Process management refers to the activities involved in managing the
execution of multiple processes in an operating system. It includes
creating, scheduling, and terminating processes, as well as allocating
system resources such as CPU time, memory, and I/O devices
Components of Operating System
• Kernel
• Shell
What is a Kernel?

• Kernel is the core of the operating system and shell is ready to provide
user interface to access operating system services. These command
line interfaces and these graphic interfaces are all shell.
• However, for most developers shell means only command line
interfaces. Shell is more frequently used in Unix and Linux world.
Developers use command line shell programs a lot to manipulate
those operating system.
Functions handled by the kernel

Input and output management

Memory management
Process management
Major activities of the operating system with regard to process
management are:

• The creation and deletion of both user and system processes.

• The suspension and resumption of processes.
• The provision of mechanisms for process synchronization.
• The provision of mechanisms for process communication
• Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating a
computer's main memory. It ensures that blocks of memory space are
properly managed and allocated so the operating system (OS),
applications and other running processes have the memory they need
to carry out their operations.
• The three primary responsibilities of memory management are:
allocation and deallocation of memory space as required by the
system or user programs, ensuring the efficient use of available
memory to increase system performance and stability, and protecting
the memory space of each individual program to prevent unwanted
FILE MANAGEMENT

• File management in an operating system refers to the processes and

techniques involved in creating, organizing, accessing, manipulating,
and controlling files stored on storage devices. It includes tasks such
as file creation, deletion, naming, classification, and access control.
• File management systems or file managers are used by businesses to
store, organize, locate, track and manage documents. This could
include text documents, images, videos, animations, contracts or any
digital file.
Examples of File Management Tool

• eFileCabinet.
• Microsoft OneDrive.
• Dropbox.
• Apple iCloud.
• Google Drive.
Major file management functions that an operating system
controls.

• Creating and deleting files.

• Creating and deleting directories.
• File manipulation instructions.
• Mapping to permanent storage.
• backing up files.
DEVICE MANAGEMENT

• In an operating system, device management refers to the control of

input/output devices such as discs, microphones, keyboards, printers,
magnetic tape, USB ports, scanners, and various other devices. The
fundamentals of I/O devices are classified into three types: Boot
Device. Character Device.
Functions involved in Device Management

• open and close device drivers.

• communicate with device drivers.
• control and monitor device drivers.
• write and install device drivers.
Questions
• What is Device Manager?
• What are the examples of Device Management.
• What are examples of file management system?
• What are the 5 major activities of file management?
• What are the four main functions involved in device management?
• What is Device Manager in the operating system?
• What is an example of a device manager?
• What are the different types of device managers?
What is a Shell?

• In computing, a shell is a computer program that exposes an

operating system's services to a human user or other programs. In
general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface
• Shells provide a way for you to communicate with the operating
system. This communication is carried out either interactively (input
from the keyboard is acted upon immediately) or as a shell script. A
shell script is a sequence of shell and operating system commands
that is stored in a file.
• A shell is basically an interface present between the kernel and the user. A
kernel is the very core of a typical OS. A shell is a CLI (command-line
interpreter). A kernel is a type of low-level program that has its interfacing
with the hardware on top of which all the applications run (disks, RAM, CPU,
etc.).
• Windows Shell provides desktop environment, start menu, and task bar, as
well as a graphical user interface for accessing the file management functions
of the operating system.
• The shell is a special program used as an interface between the user and the
heart of the UNIX/Linux operating system, a program called the kernel, The
kernel is loaded into memory at boot-up time and manages the system until
shutdown.
• Shell is the opposite of kernel and kernel is easy to manage the CPU, RAM,
harddisk, display, sound.
• A Shell is a computer program that interface between user and UNIX- like
operating systems.
• Basically, it surrounds with a kernel which is the heart of an operating
system and the cells surrounds.
• Programs, Commands, Scripts are the only way to communicate with a
kernel of an operating system.
• The shell is the outermost layer of the operating system. Shells incorporate
a programming language to control processes and files as well as to start
and control other programs.
Assignment

• Illustration on how the kernel handles execution of programs such

as Printing, Saving of Files and Opening of Stored Files.
• What are the practical ways on how OS function on a PC?
• Illustration on how the kernel handles execution of programs such as
• Printing,
• Saving of Files
• and Opening of Stored Files.
Printing
• Saving of Files
Opening of Stored Files.
BASIC TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES IN OPERATING
SYSTEM

• When harddisk is failing that is not reading and writing data correctly.
In some computers, there is only one thing or many things causing
problem. It is a matter of treating the logical problem to find out what
is it. Find the cause, fix it or replace it.
BASIC TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES IN
OPERATING SYSTEM

• When a computer shows blue screen. The blue screen will give an indication of
how the crash occurred but this may not always be true.
• It may be caused by:
• failing harddisk,
• failing memory,
• bad application,
• poorly written drivers or even a problem with the CPU.
• The solution is to always save your data on the network.
• It could be hardware problem.
• Try to trouble shoot and fix. Install a recent hardware.
• Also, Start with Hardware diagnostics provided by the manufacturer or BIOS that
has hardware diagnostics kits
• if the problem is software, use a system restore to roll back to a
previous configuration or installed a driver
• if it occurs during the startup process, try starting in Safe Mode that
could possibly get to a Windows desktop.
• if the system run slowly, use task Manager. It will provide information
about CPU usage, memory used.
• if any resources are limited on the system, try using the performance
tab to see if there is any trends with CPU, Memory, disk Usage or
Network Usage on the system.
• to check if operating system is up to date, check windows update, check
disk space to be sure there is enough room available for you operating
system to be able to work.
• if there is software running on the system that might be causing
performance problem, run antivirus scan or antimalmare.
• if operating system is missing and there is multiple partition on a storage
drive, configure one partition for one operating system and another
partition for another
• if the bootloader is improperly configured, before making any changes,
confirm that all boot drives are properly connected and if there is any
USB drives, remove and try rebooting the system.