problem solving by analogy,

heuristic and algorithm

Sana Raziq 1596
 PROBLEM-
SOLVING
STRATEGIES
• Before finding a solution, the problem must
first be identified.
• After that, one of many problem solving
Problem Solving strategies can be applied, hopefully
resulting in a solution.
• Some of the strategies are:
• People face problems every day • Trial and error
• Some are straight forward • Mean end analysis
• Some are complex • analogy
• Algorithm
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• Heuristic, etc
 Analogy Problem
Solving
• Used to solve new problems on the basis of
solved one
• often used as a means of describing a new
object or concept by comparing it to
something that is more familiar.
• The superficial features are different but
are same in deep level
“Analogy” • People usually miss analogies unless:
• They are given hint
• Multiple related stories are given
• Analogy is a comparison between
two or more things. • People are usually more influenced by
superficial similarities
• It is basically done to give an
explanation or clarification
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Example
• Comparison between the structure of atom and solar system
• Freud's three levels of consciousness are often described as an iceberg
• consciousness is the part of the iceberg above the water
• subconscious is just below the water where you can still see it a bit
• unconscious is the deeply submerged part of the iceberg

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 • rules of thumb to deal with a problem
• Guide or solution based on practice rather
than theory
• description of problem-solving process
problem solving by which is not necessarily 100% reliable

heuristics •
•
Some of heuristics types are
Mean end analysis
• Formation of sub-goals
• from Greek heuriskein ‘find’
• Work backward

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1. Representativeness
• Allows to judge the likelihood that an object
belongs in a general category or class
• Based on how similar the object is to
members of that category
2. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
• allows people to estimate a number by

•
starting at an initial value (the “anchor”)
Then adjusting that value up or down. Characteristics of
3. availability heuristic
• allows people to assess how often an event
heuristics
occurs or how likely it will occur
• based on how easily that event can be • Tversky and Kahneman’s 1974
brought to mind
• Judgment under Uncertainty:
Heuristics and Biases

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 Accuracy-effort trade-off theory
• processing every piece of information that
comes into the brain takes time and effort
• With heuristics, the brain can make faster and
more efficient decisions, although at the
accuracy may not be precise.
Ecological rationality theory
• heuristics are particularly relevant and useful
in specific situations, rather than at all times
• Uncertainty
• Redundancy
• Some other situations can be as
following:
Usefulness of •
•
When one is faced with too much information
When the time to make a decision is limited

Heuristics •
•
When the decision to be made is unimportant
When there is access to very little information
to use in making the decision
• When an appropriate heuristic happens to
come to mind in the same moment

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 • They are logical procedures
• Tend to be thorough, carefully designed,
and complete
• include logical steps and decision points,
allowing every element of a test or
procedure to be considered
• In simple words, an algorithm is a formula
which is designed to reach a solution.
problem solving by • The results are highly accurate however,
algorithm it’s not always practical.
• are very straight and narrow
• set of step-by-step procedures that • prior knowledge is needed in various
sotuation to understand a particular
provides the correct answer to a algorithm
particular problem.
• The strategy is highly time consuming,
• Not everyone is aware that this is a and involves taking lots of steps.
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psychological approach
 • I’m going to the grocery store and only
have 15 minutes. What do I do?
• How can I prepare for a quiz which is due
tomorrow when I haven.t attended the
lecture?

Examples from
• Nobody follows me on Instagram. How do I
get more followers?

daily life • How to install a software in my laptop?

• How to cook ‘Biryani’?

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Heuristics VS Algorithm
Heuristics Algorithm

• a mental shortcut that allowing to • Step by step procedure to achieve result

quickly make judgments and solve
problems
• accuracy is maximum and potential
• Based on past experience mistakes are minimized

• don't always guarantee a correct • Time consuming

solution

• Not time consuming

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Thank You