Computer Organization

and Architecture
IT - Platform Technologies 22
by Carlsan Kim
OBJECTIVES

● Computer Organization VS Computer Architecture

● Evolution of Computing Device

● Functional Units of Digital System

● Basic Operational Concept

What is Computer Architecture and
Organization?

Computer Architecture - In general terms, the architecture of a

computer system can be considered as a catalogue of tools or attributes
that are visible to the user such as instruction sets, number of bits used
for data, addressing techniques, etc.

Computer Organization - Defines the way system is structured so that

all those catalogued tools can be used. The significant components of
Computer organization are ALU, CPU, memory and memory organization.
Computer Architecture vs Computer Organization
Evolution of Computing Devices
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer)

Was the first computing system designed

in the early 1940s. It consisted of 18,000
buzzing electronic switches called
Vacuum Tubes, 42 panels each 9'x 2'x1'.
It was organized in U-Shaped around the
perimeter of a room with forced air
cooling.

The ENIAC could perform about 5000

additions or 50 multiplications in one
second. The clock speed was 100kHz.
Programs were entered by setting
switches on a "plugboard."
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

Design was known as the first digital

electronic computer (though not
programmable). It was designed and
built by John Vincent Atanasoff and his
assistant, Clifford E. Berry in 1937.

The ABC computer was the first electronic

digital computing device. It was designed with
a specific purpose, to solve systems of
simultaneous up to 29 linear equations.

Example (Linear Equation): 2x - 3 = 0

Transistors

Invented in 1947 at Bell Laboratories which

were a fraction the size of the vacuum tubes
and consumed less power, but still, the complex
circuits were not easy to handle.

A transistor can act as a switch or gate for electronic

signals, opening and closing an electronic gate many
times per second. It ensures the circuit is on if the
current is flowing and switched off if it isn't. Transistors
are used in complex switching circuits that comprise
all modern telecommunications systems.
Integrated Circuit

Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invented the

Integrated Circuit at the same time. In July 1959
Noyce filed a patent for this.

On Sept. 12, 1958, Jack Kilby, a TI engineer,

invented the integrated circuit. It would
revolutionize the electronics industry, helping
make cell phones and computers widespread
today.

An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator,

timer, counter, logic gate, computer memory,
microcontroller or microprocessor. An IC is the
fundamental building block of all modern
electronic devices.
Integrated Circuit (Cont’d)

In 1968, Robert Noyce co-founded Intel Electronics

company which is still the global market leader in IC
manufacturing, research, and development.

Less than a year after starting, Intel introduced its

first product: the 3101 static random-access memory
(SRAM)

SRAM - Static random-access memory is a type of

random-access memory that uses latching circuitry
to store each bit. SRAM is volatile memory; data is
lost when power is removed
Lisa

In 1983, Lisa was launched by Apple as the first

personal computer with a graphical user
interface (GUI) that was sold commercially; it
ran on the Motorola 68000, dual floppy disk
drives, a 5 MB hard drive and had 1MB of RAM.

The Apple Lisa was the first personal computer

to use a GUI. Other innovative features for the
personal market included a drop-down menu
bar, windows, multiple tasking, a hierarchical file
system, the ability to copy and paste, icons,
folders and a mouse.
Macintosh Portable

In 1990, Apple released the Macintosh Portable;

it was heavy weighing 7.3 kg (16 lb) and
extremely expensive. It was not met with great
success and was discontinued only two years
later.

Apple's first laptop product was the 16-bit lead-

acid battery powered 7.2 kg (16 lb).

The Portable pioneered inclusion of a pointing

device (a trackball) in the laptop/portable
sphere.
Touchstone Delta Supercomputer

In 1990, Intel introduced the Touchstone Delta

supercomputer, which had 512 microprocessors.

This technological advancement was very

significant as it was used as a model for some of
the fastest multiprocessors systems in the
world.

Built by Intel Corp. The 512-processor

Touchstone Delta spawned a new era of
scientific computing.
The system gave government and university
researchers enough computing power to pursue
groundbreaking applications such as real-time
processing of satellite images and molecular
models for AIDS research.
Functional Units of Digital System
● A computer organization describes the functions and design of the
various units of a digital system.

● A general-purpose computer system is the best-known example of a

digital system. Other examples include telephone switching
exchanges, digital voltmeters, digital counters, electronic calculators
and digital displays.

● Computer architecture deals with the specification of the instruction

set and the hardware units that implement the instructions.

● Computer hardware consists of electronic circuits, displays, magnetic

and optical storage media and also the communication facilities.
Functional Units of Digital System
(Cont’d)
● Functional units are a part of a CPU that performs the operations and
calculations called for by the computer program.

● Functional units of a computer system are parts of the CPU (Central

Processing Unit) that performs the operations and calculations called
for by the computer program. A computer consists of five main
components namely, Input unit, Central Processing Unit, Memory unit
Arithmetic & logical unit, Control unit and an Output unit.
Functional Units of Digital System
(Cont’d)
Input Unit

● Input units are used by the computer to read the data. The most
commonly used input devices are keyboards, mouse, joysticks,
trackballs, microphones, etc.

● However, the most well-known input device is a keyboard. Whenever

a key is pressed, the corresponding letter or digit is automatically
translated into its corresponding binary code and transmitted over a
cable to either the memory or the processor.
Central Processing Unit

● Central processing unit commonly known as CPU can be referred

as an electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions given by a computer program by performing the basic
arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations
specified by the instructions.
Memory Unit
● The Memory unit can be referred to as the storage area in which
programs are kept which are running, and that contains data needed
by the running programs.

● The Memory unit can be categorized in two ways namely, primary

memory and secondary memory.

● It enables a processor to access running execution applications and

services that are temporarily stored in a specific memory location.

● Primary storage is the fastest memory that operates at electronic speeds.

Primary memory contains a large number of semiconductor storage cells,
capable of storing a bit of information. The word length of a computer is
between 16-64 bits.
Memory Unit (Cont’d)
● It is also known as the volatile form of memory, means when the
computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost.

● Cache memory is also a kind of memory which is used to fetch the

data very soon. They are highly coupled with the processor.

● The most common examples of primary memory are RAM and ROM.

● Secondary memory is used when a large amount of data and

programs have to be stored for a long-term basis.

● It is also known as the Non-volatile memory form of memory, means

the data is stored permanently irrespective of shut down.
Memory Unit (Cont’d)

● The most common examples of secondary memory are magnetic disks,

magnetic tapes, and optical disks.
Arithmetic & Logical Unit

● Most of all the arithmetic and logical operations of a computer are

executed in the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) of the processor. It
performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and also the logical operations like AND, OR, NOT operations.
Control Unit

● The control unit is a component of a computer's central processing

unit that coordinates the operation of the processor. It tells the
computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output
devices how to respond to a program's instructions.

● Let's us consider an example of addition of two operands by the

instruction given as Add LOCA, RO. This instruction adds the memory
location LOCA to the operand in the register RO and places the sum in
the register RO. This instruction internally performs several steps.

● The control unit is also known as the nerve center of a computer

system.
Output Unit

● The primary function of the output unit is to send the processed results
to the user. Output devices display information in a way that the user
can understand.

● Output devices are pieces of equipment that are used to generate

information or any other response processed by the computer. These
devices display information that has been held or generated within a
computer.

● The most common example of an output device is a monitor.

Basic Operational Concepts
● The primary function of a computer system is to execute a program,
sequence of instructions. These instructions are stored in computer
memory.

● These instructions are executed to process data which are already

loaded in the computer memory through some input devices.

● After processing the data, the result is either stored in the memory
for further reference, or it is sent to the outside world through some
output port.

● To perform the execution of an instruction, in addition to the

arithmetic logic unit, and control unit, the processor contains a
number of registers used for temporary storage of data and some
special function registers.

.
Basic Operational Concepts (Cont’d)
● The special function registers include program counters (PC),
instruction registers (IR), memory address registers (MAR) and
memory and memory data registers (MDR).

● The Program counter is one of the most critical registers in CPU.

● The Program counter monitors the execution of instructions. It keeps

track on which instruction is being executed and what the next
instruction will be.

● The instruction register IR is used to hold the instruction that is

currently being executed.

.
Basic Operational Concepts (Cont’d)
● The contents of IR are available to the control unit, which generate
the timing signals that control, the various processing elements
involved in executing the instruction.

● The two registers MAR and MDR are used to handle the data transfer
between the main memory and the processor.

● The MAR holds the address of the main memory to or from which
data is to be transferred.

● The MDR contains the data to be written into or read from the
addressed word of the main memory.

.
Basic Operational Concepts (Cont’d)
● Whenever the processor is asked to communicate with devices, we
say that the processor is servicing the devices. The processor can
service these devices in one of the two ways.

● One way is to use the polling routine, and the other way is to use an
interrupt.

● Polling enables the processor software to check each of the input and
output devices frequently. During this check, the processor tests to
see if any devices need servicing or not.

● Interrupt method provides an external asynchronous input that

informs the processor that it should complete whatever instruction
that is currently being executed and fetch a new routine that will
service the requesting device.
Questions?