Cisco Systems CCNA Version 3.1.
1 Semester 1
Module 3
Mod 3
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Copper Media
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Important definitions
• Electrons – Particles with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus.
• Protons – Particles with a positive charge.
• Neutrons – Neutral particles with no charge.
• Coulomb's law – Opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
• The Bohr model – Protons have positive charges and electrons have
negative charges. There is more than one proton in the nucleus.
• Voltage – Sometimes is referred to as electromotive force (EMF).
EMF is related to an electrical force, or pressure, that occurs when
electrons and protons are separated , represented by the letter V, and
sometimes by the letter E, for electromotive force.
• Volt -The unit of measurement for voltage, is defined as the amount
of work, per unit charge, that is needed to separate the charges.
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Important definitions
• Resistance – All materials that conduct electricity have a measure of
resistance to the flow of electrons through them ,The letter R
represents resistance, the unit of measurement is ohm (Ω).
• Conductors – The materials that offer very little or no resistance to
the movement of the electrons such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and
gold (Au).
• Insulators – Those materials that do not allow the current to flow,
or severely restrict its flow include plastic, glass, air, dry wood,
paper, rubber, and helium gas.
• Semiconductors – Are materials that allow the amount of electricity
they conduct to be precisely controlled, such as Silicon (Si).
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Important definitions
• Electrical current – is the flow of charges created when electrons
move.
• Ampere – The unit of measurement for current is Ampere (A), is
defined as the number of charges per second that pass by a point
along a path
• Ohm’s law – V=I x R
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Optical
Media
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700 nanometers 400 nanometers
The wavelength of the light in optical fiber is
either 1550 nm, 1310 nm, or 850 nm.
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300,000 kilometers per
second.
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Infrared Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs)
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Outdoor Indoor
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Single-mode fiber can carry LAN data up to 3000 meters. Multimode
is only capable of carrying up to 2000 meters. Lasers and single-
mode fibers are more expensive than LEDs and multimode fiber.
Because of these characteristics, single-mode fiber is often used for
inter-building connectivity.
A 9/125 marking on the jacket of the single-mode fiber indicates
that the core fiber has a diameter of 9 microns and the
surrounding cladding is 125 microns in diameter.
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Light amplification by stimulated emission radiation (LASER)
producing a thin beam of intense infrared light usually with
wavelengths of 1310nm or 1550 nm. Used with single-mode fiber
over the longer distances involved in WANs or campus
backbones.
p-intrinsic-n diodes
(PIN photodiodes).
A light emitting diode (LED) producing infrared light with wavelengths of
either 850nm or 1310 nm. These are used with multimode fiber in LANs.
Lenses are used to focus the infrared light on the end of the fiber
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The type of connector most commonly used with multimode fiber
is the Subscriber Connector (SC connector). On single-mode fiber,
the Straight Tip (ST) connector is frequently used.
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