SQL

Structured Query Language

Lets do practical on DATABASE…

 SQL – features
 Allows creating/modifying a database’s structure
 Changing security settings for system
 Permitting users for working on databases or tables
 Querying database
 Inserting/modifying/deleting the database contents
 MYSQL Elements
 Literals
 Datatypes
 Nulls
 Comments
 Literals
 It means the fixed value or constant value. It may be of
character, numeric or date time type.
 Character and date/time literals are always in single
quotation marks whereas numeric literals must be
without single quotation marks
 For example – ‘Virat’, 12, 12.56, ‘04-20-2018’
 Date and time values are always in format
the YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
 Special character like quotes are always written be
preceding it back-slash(\). For example if we want to
store value as Tom’s Cat then it should be written as
Tom\’s Cat
 Data Type
 Means the type of value and type of operation we
can perform on data. For example on numeric value
we can store numbers and perform all arithmetic
operations and so on.
 MySQL support three categories of data types:
 Numeric
 Date and time
 String types
 Numeric Data Types
Data type Description
INT Numbers without decimal. Store up to 11 digits. -2147483648 to
2147483647
BIGINT Very large integer value up to 11 digits
FLOAT(M,D) Real numbers i.e. number with decimal. M specify length of numeric
value including decimal place D and decimal symbol. For example if it
is given as FLOAT(8,2) then 5 integer value 1 decimal symbol and 2
digit after decimal TOTAL – 8. it can work on 24 digits after decimal.

DOUBLE(M,D) Real numbers with more precision up to 53 place after decimal.

 Date and Time Types
Data type Description
DATE A date in YYY-MM-DD format between 1000-01-01 to 9999-12-31
DATETIME Combination of date and time. For example to store 4th December
2018 and time is afternoon 3:30 then it should be written as –
2018-12-04 15:30:00
 String Types
Data type Description
CHAR(M) Fixed length string between 1 and 255. it always occupy M size for
each data for example if size is CHAR(20) and we store value
‘MOBILE’ , although the size of MOBILE is 6 but in a table it will occupy
20 size with space padded at right side for remaining place.
Mostly use in the case where the data to be insert is of fixed size like
Grade (A,B,C,..) or Employee code as E001, E002, etc. In this case
CHAR will give better performance than varchar

VARCHAR(M) Variable length string between 1 and 255. it takes size as per the data
entered for example with VARCHAR(20) if the data entered in MOBILE
then it will take only 6 byte. It is useful for the data like name, address
where the number of character to be enter is not fixed.
Difference between CHAR & VARCHAR
CHAR VARCHAR
Fixed length string Variable length string
Used where number of character to enter Used where number of character to be
is fixed like Grade, EmpCode, etc enter is not fixed like name, address etc.
Fast, no memory allocation every time Slow, as it take size according to data so
every time memory allocation is done
It takes more memory It takes less space
 NULL VALUE
• NULL means missing information
• NULL can appear in any type of column if it is
not restricted by NOT NULL or PRIMARY KEY
• Always remember NULL is neither equal to 0
nor space. NULL means nothing
• Used in situation like if email id is not available
with students then we will insert NULL
 COMMENTS
• It is a text that is not executed, only for
documentation purpose. Comments in MySQL
can be written as
– Begin the comment with /* and */
– Begin the comment with – (followed by space)
– Begin then comment with #
• For example
– /* Select * from emp where empno=4 */
– Select * from emp; -- it will fetch all details
 CREATING and USING DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE <DATABASE NAME>
CREATE DATABASE MYDB;

TO SEE LIST OF DATABASES:

SHOW DATABASES;

TO OPEN ANY DATABASE TO

WORK
USE DATABASENAME
USE MYDB
 CREATING TABLE
Syntax:-
Create Table datatype(size),
TableName(ColumnName ColumnName
datatype(size),…..);
Example:-

Create Table Employee(empno int, name varchar(20), dept

varchar(20), salary int);

Create table Student(roll int, name varchar(20),

stream varchar(20), per int);
 INSERTING RECORDS IN TABLE
Syntax:-
Insert into tablename values(value1,value2,…)

Note:-
1) char, varchar and date value must be in
single quotes
2) Values must be passed in the order of their column
3) Date values are passed in the format
dd-mon-yyyy i.e. 20-Sep-2015 (in
oracle) yyyy-mm-dd (in mysql)
 INSERTING RECORDS IN TABLE
Syntax:-

Insert into emp values(1, ‘Rakesh’,’Sales’,34000)

Insert into student values(1,’Mahi’,’Science’,89);

Inserting in selected columns

Insert into emp (empno, name, dept ) values
(2,’dipanker’,’IT’)
 SELECTING RECORD
Select statement allows to send queries to table and
fetch the desired record. Select can be used to select
both horizontal and vertical subset.

Syntax:-
Select * / columnnames FROM
tablename [ where condition ]
 SELECTING RECORD
Selecting all record and all columns
Select * from emp;

Selecting desired columns

select empno, name from emp;

Changing the order of columns

select dept, name from emp;
 DISTINCT keyword
DISTINCT keyword is used to eliminate the duplicate records from output.
For e.g. if we select dept from employee table it will display all the
department from the table including duplicate rows.

Select dept from emp;

Output will be:-

Empno Name Dept Salary
Dept
1 Ravi Sales 24000
--------
Sales 2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
Sales
IT 4 Vikram IT 27000
IT 5 nitin HR 45000
HR
 DISTINCT keyword
If we don’t want to see the duplicate rows in output we have to
use DISTINCT keyword.

Select DISTINCT dept from emp;

Output will be:- Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
Dept 2 Sunny Sales 35000
-------- 3 Shobit IT 30000
Sales 4 Vikram IT 27000
IT 5 nitin HR 45000
HR
 PERFORMING SIMPLE CALCULATION
While performing SQL operations sometimes simple
calculations are required, SQL provides facility to perform
simple arithmetic operations in query. In MySQL we can
give these queries without FROM clause i.e. table name
is not required for these queries,
For Example
Select 10*2;
Select 10*3/6;
 PERFORMING SIMPLE CALCULATION
MySQL also provides DUAL table to provide compatibility
with other DBMS. It is dummy table used for these type
queries where table name is not required. It contains one
row and one column. For example:
Select 100+200 from DUAL;
Select curdate() from dual;
CALCULATION WITH TABLE DATA
Select name, salary, salary * 12 Annual_Salary
from emp; Select empno, salary+1000 from emp
Update student set
total=phy+chem+maths+cs+eng;
 COLUMN ALIAS
It is a temporary name/label given to column that will appear in
output. For example if column name is dept and you want
Department to appear as column heading then we have to give
Column Alias. If we want alias name of multiple words then it
should be enclosed in double quotes. Its format is :
ColumnName [AS] ColumnAlias
Example
(i)Select empno Employee_Number, name, dept Department,
Salary Income from emp;
(ii) Select name, Salary*12 as “Annual Income” from emp;
 HANDLING NULL

From the above table we can observe that salary of Shaban is NULL i.e.
not assigned, Now if we want 0 or “not assigned” for the salary
information of shaban, we have to use IFNULL()
Select empno,name,IFNULL(Salary,”not assigned”) from emp;

Column value to substitute if

NULL found
 PUTTING TEXT IN QUERY OUTPUT
SQL allows to put user defined symbols or text with table output.
Like ‘Rs’ with Salary or ‘%’ symbol with commission
For e.g.

Select name, dept, ‘Rs.’, salary from emp;

Select name, ‘ works in department’, dept, ‘ and getting salary rs.

‘, salary from emp;

Select name, concat(‘Rs. ‘, salary) from emp;

 WHERE clause
WHERE clause is used to select specified rows. It allows
to select only desired rows by applying condition. We
can use all comparison(>, <, >=, <=, =, <>) and logical
operator (AND, OR, NOT).
AND ( &&), OR (||) , NOT (!)
For example
Select * from emp where salary>4000;
Select * from emp where empno=1;
Select name,dept from emp where
dept=‘HR’;
 WHERE clause
AND(&&) means both conditions must be true, OR(||)
means any condition must be true to produce output.
NOT(!) will do the reverse checking.

Select * from emp where salary>4000 and salary<8000;

Select * from emp where dept=‘Sales’ and salary<30000;
Select name,dept from emp where dept=‘HR’
and salary>=20000 and salary<=40000;
Select * from emp where dept=‘HR’ or dept=‘IT’;
Select * from emp where NOT empno=4;
 SQL operators
1) BETWEEN
2) IN
3) LIKE
4) IS NULL
 BETWEEN
BETWEEN allows to specify range of values to search in
any column. It is used with AND clause and it will include
the specified values during the searching. For e.g.

Select * from emp where salary between 18000 and 30000;

Select name from emp where empno between 2 and 5;

Select * from emp where salary NOT between 25000 and

35000
 IN
IN allows to specify LIST of values in which searching will
be performed. It will return all those record that matches
any value in a given list of values. It can be thought as an
alternative of multiple ORs

Select * from emp where dept IN(‘sales’,’it’);

Select name from emp where empno IN (2,4,5);

Select * from emp where dept NOT IN(‘sales’,’it’)

 LIKE
LIKE allows to search based on pattern. It is used when
we don’t want to search an exact value or we don’t know
that exact value, and we know only the pattern of value
like name starting from any particular letter, or ending
with and containing any particular letter or word.

LIKE is used with two wildcard characters:

a) % : used when we want to substitute
multiple characters. With % length is not fixed
b) _ (underscore) : used when we want to
Single character
substitute
 LIKE
Search for employee whose name begins from ‘s’
Select * from emp where name like ‘s%’;

Search for employee whose name ends with ‘r’

Select * from emp where name like ‘%r’;

Search for employee whose name contains ‘a’ anywhere

Select * from emp where name like ‘%a%’

Search for employee whose dob is in feb

Select * from emp where dob like ‘%-02-%’

Search employee whose name is of 5 letters begins from ‘s’

Select * from Emp where name like “s____”;

 IS NULL
IS NULL is used to compare NULL values present in any
column. Because NULL is not considered as value so we
cannot compare with = sign, so to compare with NULL
SQL provides IS NULL.

Select * from emp where salary is null;

Select * from emp where salary is not null;

 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
When multiple operators are used in expression, then
evaluation of expression takes place in the order of
precedence. Higher precedence operator will execute
first. ! HIGH
*, /, DIV, %, MOD
-+
<, >
==, >=, <=, !=, IS, LIKE, IN, BETWEEN
NOT
AND
OR LOW
 SORTING OUTPUT
By default records will come in the output in the same
order in which it was entered. To see the output rows in
sorted or arranged in ascending or descending order SQL
provide ORDER BY clause. By default output will be
ascending order(ASC) to see output in descending order
we use DESC clause with ORDER BY.

Select * from emp order by name; (ascending order)

Select * from emp order by salary desc;
Select * from emp order by dept asc, salary desc;
 JUST A MINUTE…
• Create the following table and add the records

ItemNo Item Dcode Qty UnitPrice StockDate

5005 Ball Pen 0.5 102 100 16 2018-03-10
5003 Ball Pen 0.25 102 150 20 2017-05-17
5002 Gel Pen Premium 101 125 14 2018-04-20
5006 Gel Pen Classic 101 200 22 2018-10-08
5001 Eraser Small 102 210 5 2018-03-11
5004 Eraser Big 102 60 10 2017-11-18
5009 Sharpener Classic NULL 160 8 2017-06-12
 JUST A MINUTE…
Write down the following queries based on the given table:
1) Select all record of table
2) Select ItemNo, name and Unitprice
3) Select all item record where Unitprice is more than 20
4) Select Item name of those items which are quantity
between 100-200
5) Select all record of Items which contains pen word in it
6) Select unique dcode of all items
7) Display all record in the descending order of UnitPrice
8) Display all items which are stocked in the month of March
 JUST A MINUTE…
Write down the following queries based on the given table:
11) Display all record whose dcode is not assigned